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Residential Construction Terminology
Learn the terminology of residential construction.
748
Architecture
Not Applicable
06/14/2009

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Term
Bat
Definition
A half-brick.
Term
Batt
Definition
A section of fiber-glass or rock-wool insulation measuring 15 or 23 inches wide by four to eight feet long and various thickness'. Sometimes "faced" (meaning to have a paper covering on one side) or "unfaced" (without paper).
Term
Batten
Definition
Narrow strips of wood used to seal vertical siding joints, or as decorative vertical members over plywood or wide boards. Also a base for fastening some types of roofing.
Term
Batterboard
Definition
Staked horizontal board that supports string used to lay out a foundation.
Term
Bay window
Definition
Any window space projecting outward from the walls of a building, either square or polygonal in plan.
Term
Beam
Definition
A structural member transversely supporting a load. A structural member carrying building loads (weight) from one support to another. Sometimes called a "girder".
Term
Bearing partition
Definition
A partition that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.
Term
Bearing point
Definition
A point where a bearing or structural weight is concentrated and transferred to the foundation
Term
Bearing wall
Definition
A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight. A wall that supports joists at their ends or midspan, transferring weight to the girder, columns, or foundation wall. All exterior walls, as well as some interior walls, are bearing.
Term
Bearing header
Definition
(a) A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are nailed in framing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening. (b) A wood lintel. (c) The horizontal structural member over an opening (for example over a door or window).
Term
Bedrock
Definition
A subsurface layer of earth that is suitable to support a structure.
Term
Bid
Definition
A formal offer by a contractor, in accordance with specifications for a project, to do all or a phase of the work at a certain price in accordance with the terms and conditions stated in the offer.
Term
Bid bond
Definition
A bond issued by a surety on behalf of a contractor that provides assurance to the recipient of the contractor's bid that, if the bid is accepted, the contractor will execute a contract and provide a performance bond. Under the bond, the surety is obligated to pay the recipient of the bid the difference between the contractor's bid and the bid of the next lowest responsible bidder if the bid is accepted and the contractor fails to execute a contract or to provide a performance bond.
Term
Bid security
Definition
Funds or a bid bond submitted with a bid as a guarantee to the recipient of the bid that the contractor, if awarded the contract, will execute the contract in accordance with the bidding requirements of the contract documents.
Term
Bid shopping
Definition
A practice by which contractors, both before and after their bids are submitted, attempt to obtain prices from potential subcontractors and material suppliers that are lower than the contractors' original estimates on which their bids are based, or after a contract is awarded, seek to induce subcontractors to reduce the subcontract price included in the bid.
Term
Bidding requirements
Definition
The procedures and conditions for the submission of bids. The requirements are included ion documents, such as the notice to bidders, advertisements for bids, instructions to bidders, invitations to bid, and sample bid forms.
Term
Bifold door
Definition
Doors that are hinged in the middle for opening in a smaller area than standard swing doors. Often used for closet doors.
Term
Binder
Definition
A receipt for a deposit to secure the right to purchase a home at an agreed terms by a buyer and seller.
Term
Bipass doors
Definition
Doors that slide by each other and commonly used as closet doors.
Term
Bird's Mouth
Definition
A notch cut near the end of a rafter to fit over a double top plate.
Term
Blankets
Definition
Fiber-glass or rock-wool insulation that comes in long rolls 15 or 23 inches wide.
Term
Blocked (door blocking)
Definition
Wood shims used between the door frame and the vertical structural wall framing members.
Term
Blocked (rafters)
Definition
Short "2 by 4's" used to keep rafters from twisting, and installed at the ends and at mid-span.
Term
Blocking
Definition
Small wood pieces to brace framing members or to provide a nailing base for gypsum board or paneling.
Term
Block out
Definition
To install a box or barrier within a foundation wall to prevent the concrete from entering an area. For example, foundation walls are sometimes "blocked" in order for mechanical pipes to pass through the wall, to install a crawl space door, and to depress the concrete at a garage door location.
Term
Blow insulation
Definition
Fiber insulation in loose form and used to insulate attics and existing walls where framing members are not exposed.
Term
Blue print(s)
Definition
A type of copying method often used for architectural drawings. Usually used to describe the drawing of a structure which is prepared by an architect or designer for the purpose of design and planning, estimating, securing permits and actual construction.
Term
Blue stake
Definition
Another phrase for Utility Notification. This is when a utility company (telephone, gas, electric, cable TV, sewer and water, etc) comes to the job site and locates and spray paints the ground and/or installs little flags to show where their service is located underground.
Term
Blow insulation
Definition
Fiber insulation in loose form and used to insulate attics and existing walls where framing members are not exposed.
Term
Board foot
Definition
A unit of measure for lumber equal to 1 inch thick by 12 inches wide by 12 inches long. Examples: 1" x 12" x 16' = 16 board feet, 2" x 12" x 16' = 32 board feet
Term
Bond or bonding
Definition
An amount of money (usually $5,000-$10,000) which must be on deposit with a governmental agency in order to secure a contractor's license. The bond may be used to pay for the unpaid bills or disputed work of the contractor. Not to be confused with a 'performance bond'. Such bonds are rarely used in residential construction, they are an insurance policy which guarantees proper completion of a project.
Term
Boom
Definition
A truck used to hoist heavy material up and into place. To put trusses on a home or to set a heavy beam into place.
Term
Bottom chord
Definition
The lower or bottom horizontal member of a truss.
Term
Bottom plate
Definition
The "2 by 4's or 6's" that lay on the subfloor upon which the vertical studs are installed. Also called the 'sole plate'.
Term
Brace
Definition
An inclined piece of framing lumber applied to wall or floor to strengthen the structure. Often used on walls as temporary bracing until framing has been completed.
Term
Breaker panel
Definition
The electrical box that distributes electric power entering the home to each branch circuit (each plug and switch) and composed of circuit breakers.
Term
Brick ledge
Definition
Part of the foundation wall where brick (veneer) will rest.
Term
Brick lintel
Definition
The metal angle iron that brick rests on, especially above a window, door, or other opening.
Term
Brick mold
Definition
Trim used around an exterior door jamb that siding butts to.
Term
Brick tie
Definition
A small, corrugated metal strip @ 1" X 6"- 8" long nailed to wall sheeting or studs. They are inserted into the grout mortar joint of the veneer brick, and holds the veneer wall to the sheeted wall behind it.
Term
Brick veneer
Definition
A vertical facing of brick laid against and fastened to sheathing of a framed wall or tile wall construction.
Term
Bridging
Definition
Small wood or metal members that are inserted in a diagonal position between the floor joists or rafters at mid-span for the purpose of bracing the joists/rafters & spreading the load.
Term
Buck
Definition
Often used in reference to rough frame opening members. Door bucks used in reference to metal door frame. See Window Bucks
Term
Builder's Risk Insurance
Definition
Insurance coverage on a construction project during construction, including extended coverage that may be added for the contract for the customer's protections.
Term
Building codes
Definition
Community ordinances governing the manner in which a home may be constructed or modified.
Term
Building insurance
Definition
Insurance covering the structure of the building.
Term
Building paper
Definition
A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet materials used in buildings without reference to their properties or uses. Generally comes in long rolls.
Term
Built-up roof
Definition
A roofing composed of three to five layers of asphalt felt laminated with coal tar, pitch, or asphalt. The top is finished with crushed slag or gravel. Generally used on flat or low-pitched roofs.
Term
Bull nose (drywall)
Definition
Rounded drywall corners.
Term
Bundle
Definition
A package of shingles. Normally, there are 3 bundles per square and 27 shingles per bundle.
Term
Butt edge
Definition
The lower edge of the shingle tabs.
Term
Butt hinge
Definition
The most common type. One leaf attaches to the door's edge, the other to its jamb.
Term
Butt joint
Definition
The junction where the ends of two timbers meet, and also where sheets of drywall meet on the 4 foot edge. To place materials end-to-end or end-to-edge without overlapping.
Term
Buy down
Definition
A subsidy (usually paid by a builder or developer) to reduce monthly payments on a mortgage.
Term
By fold door
Definition
Doors that are hinged in the middle for opening in a smaller area than standard swing doors. Often used for closet doors.
Term
By pass doors
Definition
Doors that slide by each other and commonly used as closet doors.
Term
Caisson
Definition
A 10" or 12" diameter hole drilled into the earth and embedded into bedrock 3 - 4 feet. The structural support for a type of foundation wall, porch, patio, monopost, or other structure. Two or more "sticks" of reinforcing bars (rebar) are inserted into and run the full length of the hole and concrete is poured into the caisson hole
Term
Cantilever
Definition
An overhang. Where one floor extends beyond and over a foundation wall. For example at a fireplace location or bay window cantilever. Normally, not extending over 2 feet.
Term
Cantilevered void
Definition
Foundation void material used in unusually expansive soils conditions. This void is "trapezoid" shaped and has vertical sides of 6" and 4" respectively.
Term
Cap
Definition
The upper member of a column, pilaster, door cornice, molding, or fireplace.
Term
Cap flashing
Definition
The portion of the flashing attached to a vertical surface to prevent water from migrating behind the base flashing.
Term
Capital
Definition
The principal part of a loan, i.e. the original amount borrowed.
Term
Capital and interest
Definition
A repayment loan and the most conventional form of home loan. The borrower pays an amount each month to cover the amount borrowed (or capital or principal) plus the interest charged on capital.
Term
Capped rate
Definition
The mortgage interest rate will not exceed a specified value during a certain period of time, but it will fluctuate up and down below that level.
Term
Casement
Definition
Frames of wood or metal enclosing part (or all) of a window sash. May beopened by means of hinges affixed to the vertical edges.
Term
Casement Window
Definition
A window with hinges on one of the vertical sides and swings open like a normal door
Term
Casing
Definition
Wood trim molding installed around a door or window opening.
Term
Caulking
Definition
(1) A flexible material used to seal a gap between two surfaces e.g. between pieces of siding or the corners in tub walls. (2) To fill a joint with mastic or asphalt plastic cement to prevent leaks.
Term
CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate)
Definition
A pesticide that is forced into wood under high pressure to protect it from termites, other wood boring insects, and decay caused by fungus
Term
CDX
Definition
An economical, low-grade exterior plywood sheathing.
Term
Celotex
Definition
Black fibrous board that is used as exterior sheething.
Term
Ceiling joist
Definition
One of a series of parallel framing members used to support ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls. Also called roof joists.
Term
Cement
Definition
The gray powder that is the "glue" in concrete. Portland cement. Also, any adhesive.
Term
Ceramic tile
Definition
A man-made or machine-made clay tile used to finish a floor or wall. Generally used in bathtub and shower enclosures and on counter tops.
Term
Certificate of Occupancy
Definition
This certificate is issued by the local municipality and is required before anyone can occupy and live within the home. It is issued only after the local municipality has made all inspections and all monies and fees have been paid.
Term
CFM (cubic feet per minute)
Definition
A rating that expresses the amount of air a blower or fan can move. The volume of air (measured in cubic feet) that can pass through an opening in one minute.
Term
Chair rail
Definition
Interior trim material installed about 3-4 feet up the wall, horizontally.
Term
Chalk line
Definition
A line made by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with chalk. Used for alignment purposes.
Term
Change order
Definition
A written document which modifies the plans and specifications and/or the price of the construction Contract.
Term
Chase
Definition
A framed enclosed space around a flue pipe or a channel in a wall, or through a ceiling for something to lie in or pass through.
Term
Chink
Definition
To install fiberglass insulation around all exterior door and window frames, wall corners, and small gaps in the exterior wall.
Term
Chip Board
Definition
A manufactured wood panel made out of 1"- 2" wood chips and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior wall and roof sheathing. Also called OSB (Oriented Strand Board) or wafer board.
Term
Chords
Definition
Framing members that make up the two sides of the roof and the base of a triangular truss.
Term
Circuit
Definition
The path of electrical flow from a power source through an outlet and back to ground.
Term
Circuit Breaker
Definition
A device which looks like a switch and is usually located inside the electrical breaker panel or circuit breaker box. It is designed to (1) shut of the power to portions or all of the house and (2) to limit the amount of power flowing through a circuit (measured in amperes). 110 volt household circuits require a fuse or circuit breaker with a rating of 15 or a maximum of 20 amps. 220 volt circuits may be designed for higher amperage loads e.g. a hot water heater may be designed for a 30 amp load and would therefore need a 30 amp fuse or breaker.
Term
Class "A"
Definition
Optimum fire rating issued by Underwriter's Laboratories on roofing. The building codes in some areas require this type of roofing for fire safety.
Term
Class "C"
Definition
Minimum fire rating issued by the Underwriters' Laboratories for roofing materials.
Term
Clean out
Definition
An opening providing access to a drain line. Closed with a threaded plug.
Term
Clip ties
Definition
Sharp, cut metal wires that protrude out of a concrete foundation wall (that at one time held the foundation form panels in place).
Term
Codes
Definition
Regulations implemented by your local building department that control the design and construction of structures.
Term
Cold air return
Definition
The ductwork (and related grills) that carries room air back to the furnace for re-heating.
Term
Collar
Definition
Preformed flange placed over a vent pipe to seal the roofing above the vent pipe opening. Also called a vent sleeve.
Term
Collar beam
Definition
Nominal 1- or 2-inch-thick members connecting opposite roof rafters. They serve to stiffen the roof structure.
Term
Collar Tie
Definition
A horizontal framing member installed between rafters to add stiffness.
Term
Column
Definition
A vertical structural compression member which supports loads.
Term
Combustion air
Definition
The duct work installed to bring fresh, outside air to the furnace and/or hot water heater. Normally 2 separate supplies of air are brought in: One high and One low.
Term
Combustion chamber
Definition
The part of a boiler, furnace or woodstove where the burn occurs; normally lined with firebrick or molded or sprayed insulation.
Term
Compression web
Definition
A member of a truss system which connects the bottom and top chords and which provides downward support.
Term
Compressor
Definition
A mechanical device that pressurizes a gas in order to turn it into a liquid, thereby allowing heat to be removed or added. A compressor is the main component of conventional heat pumps and air conditioners. In an air conditioning system, the compressor normally sits outside and has a large fan (to remove heat).
Term
Concrete
Definition
The mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and water. Used to make garage and basement floors, sidewalks, patios, foundation walls, etc. It is commonly reinforced with steel rods (rebar) or wire screening (mesh).
Term
Concrete block
Definition
A hollow concrete 'brick' often 8" x 8" x 16" in size.
Term
Concrete board
Definition
A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as a tile backing material.
Term
Condensate line
Definition
The copper pipe that runs from the outside air conditioning condenser to the inside furnace ( where the a/c coil is located).
Term
Condensation
Definition
Beads or drops of water (and frequently frost in extremely cold weather) that accumulate on the inside of the exterior covering of a building. Use of louvers or attic ventilators will reduce moisture condensation in attics. A vapor barrier under the gypsum lath or dry wall on exposed walls will reduce condensation.
Term
Condensing unit
Definition
The outdoor component of a cooling system. It includes a compressor and condensing coil designed to give off heat.
Term
Conditions, Convenants, and Restrictions (CC and Rs)
Definition
The standards that define how a property may be used and the protections the developer makes for the benefit of all owners in a subdivision.
Term
Conduction
Definition
The direct transfer of heat energy through a material.
Term
Conductivity
Definition
The rate at which heat is transmitted through a material.
Term
Conduit, electrical
Definition
A pipe, usually metal, in which wire is installed.
Term
Construction drywall
Definition
A type of construction in which the interior wall finish is applied in a dry condition, generally in the form of sheet materials or wood paneling as contrasted to plaster.
Term
Construction, frame
Definition
A type of construction in which the structural components are wood or depend upon a wood frame for support.
Term
Continuity tester
Definition
A device that tells whether a circuit is capable of carrying electricity.
Term
Control joint
Definition
Tooled, straight grooves made on concrete floors to "control" where the concrete should crack
Term
Convection
Definition
Currents created by heating air, which then rises and pulls cooler air behind it. Also see radiation.
Term
Conventional loan
Definition
A mortgage loan not insured by a government agency (such as FHA or VA)
Term
Convertibility
Definition
The ability to change a loan from an adjustable rate schedule to a fixed rate schedule.
Term
Cooling load
Definition
he amount of cooling required to keep a building at a specified temperature during the summer, usually 78° F, regardless of outside temperature.
Term
Coped
Definition
Removing the top and bottom flange of the end(s) of a metal I-beam. This is done to permit it to fit within, and bolted to, the web of another I-beam in a "T" arrangement
Term
Coped joint
Definition
Cutting and fitting woodwork to an irregular surface.
Term
Corbel
Definition
The triangular, decorative and supporting member that holds a mantel or horizontal shelf.
Term
Corner bead
Definition
A strip of formed sheet metal placed on outside corners of drywall before applying drywall 'mud'.
Term
Corner boards
Definition
Used as trim for the external corners of a house or other frame structure against which the ends of the siding are finished.
Term
Corner braces
Definition
Diagonal braces at the corners of the framed structure designed to stiffen and strengthen the wall.
Term
Cornice
Definition
Overhang of a pitched roof , usually consisting of a fascia board, a soffit and appropriate trim moldings. The part of the roof that overhangs a wall; also called the roof overhang.
Term
Counter flashing
Definition
A metal flashing usually used on chimneys at the roofline to cover shingle flashing and used to prevent moisture entry.
Term
Counterfort
Definition
A foundation wall section that strengthens (and generally perpendicular to) a long section of foundation wall
Term
Course
Definition
A row of shingles or roll roofing running the length of the roof. Parallel layers of building materials such as bricks, or siding laid up horizontally.
Term
Cove molding
Definition
A molding with a concave face used as trim or to finish interior corners.
Term
Crawl space
Definition
A shallow space below the living quarters of a house, normally enclosed by the foundation wall and having a dirt floor.
Term
Credit rating
Definition
A report ordered by a lender from a credit agency to determine a borrower's credit habits.
Term
Cricket
Definition
A second roof built on top of the primary roof to increase the slope of the roof or valley. A saddle-shaped, peaked construction connecting a sloping roof with a chimney. Designed to encourage water drainage away from the chimney joint.
Term
Cripple Studs
Definition
Short vertical 2x4 or 2x6 frame lumber studs installed between a header and a top plate or between a rough sill and the sole plate.
Term
Cross bridging
Definition
Diagonal bracing between adjacent floor joists, placed near the center of the joist span to prevent joists from twisting.
Term
Cross Tee
Definition
Short metal "T" beam used in suspended ceiling systems to bridge the spaces between the main beams.
Term
Crown molding
Definition
A molding used on cornice or wherever an interior angle is to be covered, especially at the roof and wall corner.
Term
Culvert
Definition
Round, corrugated drain pipe (normally 15" or 18" in diameter) that is installed beneath a driveway and parallel to and near the street.
Term
Cupping
Definition
A type of warping that causes boards to curl up at their edges.
Term
Curb
Definition
The short elevation of an exterior wall above the deck of a roof. Normally a 2 by 6 box (on the roof) on which a skylight is attached.
Term
Curb stop
Definition
Normally a cast iron pipe with a lid (@ 5" in diameter) that is placed vertically into the ground, situated near the water tap in the yard, and where a water cut-off valve to the home is located (underground). A long pole with a special end is inserted into the curb stop to turn off/on the water.
Term
Curing
Definition
The process by which concrete/mortar hardens; it requires keeping the surface moist for several days.
Term
Cut-in brace
Definition
Nominal 2-inch-thick members, usually 2 by 4's, cut in between each stud diagonally.
Term
Contractor
Definition

A company licensed to perform certain types of construction activities. In most states, the generals contractor's license and some specialty contractor's licenses don't require of compliance with bonding, workmen's compensation and similar regulations. Some of the specialty contractor licenses involve extensive training, testing and/or insurance requirements. There are various types of contractors:

  • General contractor - responsible for the execution, supervision and overall coordination of a project and may also perform some of the individual construction tasks. Most general contractors are not licensed to perform all specialty trades and must hire specialty contractors for such tasks, e.g. electrical, plumbing.
  • Remodeling contractor - a general contractor who specializes in remodeling work.
  • Specialty contractor - licensed to perform a specialty task e.g. electrical, side sewer, asbestos abatement.
  • Sub contractor - a general or specialty contractor who works for another general contractor.

 

Term
Construction Contract
Definition

A legal document which specifies the what-when-where-how-how much and by whom in a construction project. A good construction contract will include:

 

  1. The contractors registration number.
  2. A statement of work quality such as 'Standard Practices of the Trades' or 'according to Manufacturers Specifications'.
  3. A set of Blue Prints or Plans
  4. A construction timetable including starting and completion dates.
  5. A set of Specifications
  6. A Fixed Price for the work, or a Time and Materials formula.
  7. A Payment Schedule.
  8. Any Allowances.
  9. A clause which outlines how any disputes will be resolved.
  10. A written Warrantee.

 

Term
Dado
Definition
A groove cut into a board or panel intended to receive the edge of a connecting board or panel.
Term
Damper
Definition
A metal "door" placed within the fireplace chimney. Normally closed when the fireplace is not in use.
Term
Dampproofing
Definition
The black, tar like waterproofing material applied to the exterior of a foundation wall.
Term
Daylight
Definition
The end of a pipe (the terminal end) that is not attached to anything.
Term
Dead bolt
Definition
An exterior security lock installed on exterior entry doors that can be activated only with a key or thumb-turn. Unlike a latch, which has a beveled tongue, dead bolts have square ends.
Term
Dead light
Definition
The fixed, non-operable window section of a window unit.
Term
Deck, decked
Definition
To install the plywood or wafer board sheeting on the floor joists, rafters, or trusses.
Term
Dedicated circuit
Definition
An electrical circuit that serves only one appliance (ie, dishwasher) or a series of electric heaters or smoke detectors.
Term
Default
Definition
Breach of a mortgage contract (not making the required payments).
Term
De-humidistat
Definition
A control mechanism used to operate a mechanical ventilation system based upon the relative humidity in the home.
Term
Delamination
Definition
Separation of the plies in a panel due to failure of the adhesive. Usually caused by excessive moisture.
Term
Dimension Lumber
Definition
Lumber intended for structural framing and graded for strength. From 2 inches to 4 inches thick and at least 2 inches wide.
Term
Disconnect
Definition
A large (generally 20 Amp) electrical ON-OFF switch.
Term
Discount rate
Definition
A mortgage interest rate that is lower than the current rate for a certain period of time, e.g. 2.00% below variable rate for 2 years.
Term
Doorjamb, interior
Definition
The surrounding case into which and out of which a door closes and opens. It consists of two upright pieces, called side jambs, and a horizontal head jamb. These 3 jambs have the "door stop" installed on them.
Term
Door operator
Definition
An automatic garage door opener.
Term
Door stop
Definition
The wooden style that the door slab will rest upon when it's in a closed position.
Term
Dormer
Definition
An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings.
Term
Double glass
Definition
Window or door in which two panes of glass are used with a sealed air space between. Also known as Insulating Glass.
Term
Double hung window
Definition
A window with two vertically sliding sashes, both of which can move up and down.
Term
Double Top Plate
Definition
Typically 2-by material attached to the top plate of a structure to tie walls together.
Term
Down payment
Definition
The difference between the sales price and the mortgage amount. A downpayment is usually paid at closing.
Term
Downspout
Definition
A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying rainwater down from the roof's horizontal gutters.
Term
Drain tile
Definition
A perforated, corrugated plastic pipe laid at the bottom of the foundation wall and used to drain excess water away from the foundation. It prevents ground water from seeping through the foundation wall. Sometimes called perimeter drain.
Term
Draw
Definition
The amount of progress billings on a contract that is currently available to a contractor under a contract with a fixed payment schedule.
Term
Drip
Definition
(a) A member of a cornice or other horizontal exterior finish course that has a projection beyond the other parts for throwing off water.(b) A groove in the underside of a sill or drip cap to cause water to drop off on the outer edge instead of drawing back and running down the face of the building.
Term
Drip cap
Definition
A molding or metal flashing placed on the exterior topside of a door or window frame to cause water to drip beyond the outside of the frame.
Term
Drip Edge
Definition
Metal edging that fits on the edge of a roof to protect the fascia boards.
Term
Dry in
Definition
To install the black roofing felt (tar paper) on the roof.
Term
Drywall (or Gypsum Wallboard (GWB), Sheet rock or Plasterboard) - Wall board or gypsum
Definition
A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2" thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x 12' in size. The panels are nailed or screwed onto the framing and the joints are taped and covered with a 'joint compound'. 'Green board' type drywall has a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used in bathrooms and other "wet areas".
Term
Ducts
Definition
The heating system. Usually round or rectangular metal pipes installed for distributing warm (or cold) air from the furnace to rooms in the home. Also a tunnel made of galvanized metal or rigid fiberglass, which carries air from the heater or ventilation opening to the rooms in a building.
Term
Due-on-sale
Definition
A clause in a mortgage contract requiring the borrower to pay the entire outstanding balance upon sale or transfer of the property.
Term
Dura board, dura rock
Definition
A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as a ceramic tile backing material. Commonly used on bathtub decks. Sometimes called Wonder board
Term
DWV (drain-waste-vent)
Definition
The section of a plumbing system that carries water and sewer gases out of a home.
Term
Earnest Money
Definition
A sum paid to the seller to show that a potential purchaser is serious about buying.
Term
Earthquake Strap
Definition
A metal strap used to secure gas hot water heaters to the framing or foundation of a house. Intended to reduce the chances of having the water heater fall over in an earthquake and causing a gas leak.
Term
Easement
Definition
A formal contract which allows a party to use another party's property for a specific purpose. e.g. A sewer easement might allow one party to run a sewer line through a neighbors property. The legal right for one person (or entity) to cross or use another person's land. The most common easements are narrow tracts for utility lines.
Term
Eaves
Definition
The horizontal exterior roof overhang.
Term
Egress
Definition
A means of exiting the home. An egress window is required in every bedroom and basement. Normally a 4' X 4' window is the minimum size required
Term
Elbow (ell)
Definition
A plumbing or electrical fitting that lets you change directions in runs of pipe or conduit.
Term
Electric lateral
Definition
The trench or area in the yard where the electric service line (from a transformer or pedestal) is located, or the work of installing the electric service to a home.
Term
Electric resistance coils
Definition
Metal wires that heat up when electric current passes through them and are used in baseboard heaters and electric water heaters.
Term
Electrical entrance package
Definition
The entry point of the electrical power including: (1) the 'strike' or location where the overhead or underground electrical lines connect to the house, (2) The meter which measures how much power is used and (3) The 'panel' or 'circuit breaker box ' (or 'fuse box') where the power can be shut off and where overload devices such a fuses or circuit breakers and located.
Term
Electrical Rough
Definition
Work performed by the Electrical Contractor after the plumber and heating contractor are complete with their phase of work. Normally all electrical wires, and outlet, switch, and fixture boxes are installed (before insulation).
Term
Electrical Trim
Definition
Work performed by the electrical contractor when the house is nearing completion. The electrician installs all plug receptacles, wall switches, light fixtures, smoke detectors, appliance "pig tails", bath ventilation fans, wires the furnace, and "makes up" the electric house panel. The electrician does all work necessary to get the home ready for and to pass the municipal electrical final inspection
Term
Elevation sheet
Definition
The page on the blue prints that depicts the house or room as if a vertical plane were passed through the structure.
Term
Engineered Lumber
Definition
Beams constructed from wood fiber and glue, such as Glu-lam, micro-lam, or wood I-beams. Often superior in strength and durability to dimension lumber.
Term
Equity
Definition
The "valuation" that you own in your home, i.e. the property value less the mortgage loan outstanding.
Term
Escrow
Definition
The handling of funds or documents by a third party on behalf of the buyer and/or seller.
Term
Estimate
Definition
The amount of labor, materials, and other costs that a contractor anticipates for a project as summarized in the contractor's bid proposal for the project.
Term
Escutcheon
Definition
An ornamental plate that fits around a pipe extending through a wall or floor to hide the cut out hole
Term
Estimating
Definition
The process of calculating the cost of a project. This can be a formal and exact process or a quick and imprecise process.
Term
Evaporator coil
Definition
The part of a cooling system that absorbs heat from air in your home. Also see condensing unit.
Term
Expansion joint
Definition
Fibrous material (@1/2" thick) installed in and around a concrete slab to permit it to move up and down (seasonally) along the non-moving foundation wall.
Term
Expansive soils
Definition
Earth that swells and contracts depending on the amount of water that is present. ("Betonite" is an expansive soil).
Term
Exposed aggregate finish
Definition
A method of finishing concrete which washes the cement/sand mixture off the top layer of the aggregate - usually gravel. Often used in driveways, patios and other exterior surfaces.
Term
Extras
Definition
Additional work requested of a contractor, not included in the original plan, which will be billed separately and will not alter the original contract amount, but increase the cost of building the home.
Term
FAU
Definition
Forced Air Unit
Term
FHA strap
Definition
Metal straps that are used to repair a bearing wall "cut-out", and to "tie together" wall corners, splices, and bearing headers. Also, they are used to hang stairs and landings to bearing headers.
Term
Face nail
Definition
To install nails into the vertical face of a bearing header or beam.
Term
Faced concrete
Definition
To finish the front and all vertical sides of a concrete porch, step(s), or patio. Normally the "face" is broom finished.
Term
Facenail
Definition
To drive a nail through one piece into another with the nail at right angle to the surface.
Term
Facing brick
Definition
The brick used and exposed on the outside of a wall. Usually these have a finished texture.
Term
Fascia
Definition
Horizontal boards attached to rafter/truss ends at the eaves and along gables. Roof drain gutters are attached to the fascia.
Term
Felt
Definition
Tar paper. Installed under the roof shingles. Normally 15 lb. or 30 lb.
Term
Female
Definition
Any part, such as a nut or fitting, into which another (male) part can be inserted. Internal threads are female.
Term
Ferrule
Definition
Metal tubes used to keep roof gutters "open". Long nails (ferrule spikes) are driven through these tubes and hold the gutters in place along the fascia of the home.
Term
Field measure
Definition
To take measurements (cabinets, countertops, stairs, shower doors, etc.) in the home itself instead of using the blueprints.
Term
Finger joint
Definition
A manufacturing process of interlocking two shorter pieces of wood end to end to create a longer piece of dimensional lumber or molding. Often used in jambs and casings and are normally painted (instead of stained).
Term
Fire block
Definition
Short horizontal members sometimes nailed between studs, usually about halfway up a wall. See also 'Fire stop'.
Term
Fire brick
Definition
Brick made of refractory ceramic material which will resist high temperatures. Used in a fireplace and boiler.
Term
Fireplace chase flashing pan
Definition
A large sheet of metal that is installed around and perpendicular to the fireplace flue pipe. It's purpose is to confine and limit the spread of fire and smoke to a small area.
Term
Fire-resistive or Fire rated
Definition
Applies to materials that are not combustible in the temperatures of ordinary fires and will withstand such fires for at least 1 hour. Drywall used in the garage and party walls are to be fire rated, 5/8", Type X.
Term
Fire retardant chemical
Definition
A chemical or preparation of chemicals used to reduce the flammability of a material or to retard the spread of flame.
Term
Fire stop
Definition
A solid, tight closure of a concealed space, placed to prevent the spread of fire and smoke through such a space. In a frame wall, this will usually consist of 2 by 4 cross blocking between studs. Work performed to slow the spread of fire and smoke in the walls and ceiling (behind the drywall). Includes stuffing wire holes in the top and bottom plates with insulation, and installing blocks of wood between the wall studs at the drop soffit line. This is integral to passing a Rough Frame inspection. See also 'Fire block'.
Term
Fishplate (gusset)
Definition
A wood or plywood piece used to fasten the ends of two members together at a butt joint with nails or bolts. Sometimes used at the junction of opposite rafters near the ridge line. Sometimes called a gang nail plate.
Term
Fish tape
Definition
A long strip of spring steel used for fishing cables and for pulling wires through conduit.
Term
Fixed price contract
Definition
A contract with a set price for the work. See Time and Materials Contract.
Term
Fixed rate
Definition
A loan where the initial payments are based on a certain interest rate for a stated period . The rate payable will not change during this period regardless of changes in the lender's standard variable rate.
Term
Fixed Rate Mortgage
Definition
A mortgage with an interest rate that remains the same over the years.
Term
Flagstone (flagging or flags)
Definition
Flat stones (1 to 4 inches thick) used for walks, steps, floors, and vertical veneer (in lieu of brick).
Term
Flakeboard
Definition
A manufactured wood panel made out of 1"- 2" wood chips and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior wall and roof sheathing. Also called OSB or wafer board.
Term
Flame retention burner
Definition
An oil burner, designed to hold the flame near the nozzle surface. Generally the most efficient type for residential use.
Term
Flashing
Definition
Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to protect a building from water seepage.
Term
Flat mold
Definition
Thin wood strips installed over the butt seam of cabinet skins.
Term
Flat paint
Definition
An interior paint that contains a high proportion of pigment and dries to a flat or lusterless finish.
Term
Flatwork
Definition
Common word for concrete floors, driveways, basements, and sidewalks.
Term
Floating
Definition
The next-to-last stage in concrete work, when you smooth off the job and bring water to the surface by using a hand float or bull float.
Term
Floating wall
Definition
A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor. It is constructed so that the bottom two horizontal plates can compress or pull apart if the concrete floor moves up or down. Normally built on basements and garage slabs.
Term
Fluorescent lighting
Definition
A fluorescent lamp is a gas-filled glass tube with a phosphur coating on the inside. Gas inside the tube is ionized by electricity which causes the phosphur coating to glow. Normally with two pins that extend from each end.
Term
Flue
Definition
Large pipe through which fumes escape from a gas water heater, furnace, or fireplace. Normally these flue pipes are double walled, galvanized sheet metal pipe and sometimes referred to as a "B Vent". Fireplace flue pipes are normally triple walled. In addition, nothing combustible shall be within one inch from the flue pipe.
Term
Flue collar
Definition
Round metal ring which fits around the heat flue pipe after the pipe passes out of the roof.
Term
Flue damper
Definition
An automatic door located in the flue that closes it off when the burner turns off; purpose is to reduce heat loss up the flue from the still-warm furnace or boiler.
Term
Flue lining
Definition
2-foot lengths, fire clay or terra-cotta pipe (round or square) and usually madein all ordinary flue sizes. Used for the inner lining of chimneys with the brick or masonry work done around the outside. Flue linings in chimneys runs from one foot below the flue connection to the top of the chimney.
Term
Fly rafters
Definition
End rafters of the gable overhang supported by roof sheathing and lookouts.
Term
Footer, footing
Definition
Continuous 8" or 10" thick concrete pad installed before and supports the foundation wall or monopost.
Term
Forced air heating
Definition
A common form of heating with natural gas, propane, oil or electricity as a fuel. Air is heated in the furnace and distributed through a set of metal ducts to various areas of the house.
Term
Form
Definition
Temporary structure erected to contain concrete during placing and initial hardening.
Term
Foundation
Definition
The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor construction, or below grade, including the footings.
Term
Foundation ties
Definition
Metal wires that hold the foundation wall panels and rebar in place during the concrete pour.
Term
Foundation waterproofing
Definition
High-quality below-grade moisture protection. Used for below-grade exterior concrete and masonry wall damp-proofing to seal out moisture and prevent corrosion. Normally looks like black tar.
Term
Frame Inspection
Definition
The act of inspecting the home's structural integrity and it's complianceto local municipal codes.
Term
Framer
Definition
The carpenter contractor that installs the lumber and erects the frame, flooring system, interior walls, backing, trusses, rafters, decking, installs all beams, stairs, soffits and all work related to the wood structure of the home. The framer builds the home according to the blueprints and must comply with local building codes and regulations.
Term
Framing
Definition
Lumber used for the structural members of a building, such as studs, joists, and rafters.
Term
Frieze
Definition
In house construction a horizontal member connecting the top of the siding with the soffit of the cornice. Trim pieces installed directly beneath the rafters to provide a nailing surface for the soffits and corner trim.
Term
Frost lid
Definition
Round metal lid that is installed on a water meter pit.
Term
Frost line
Definition
The depth of frost penetration in soil and/or the depth at which the earth will freeze and swell. This depth varies in different parts of the country.
Term
Furring strips
Definition
Strips of wood, often 1 X 2 and used to shim out and provide a level fastening surface for a wall or ceiling.
Term
Fuse
Definition
A device often found in older homes designed to prevent overloads in electrical lines. This protects against fire. See also 'circuit breakers'.
Term
GFC I, or GFI
Definition
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter- an ultra sensitive plug designed to shut off all electric current. Used in bathrooms, kitchens, exterior waterproof outlets, garage outlets, and "wet areas". Has a small reset button on the plug.
Term
Gable
Definition
The end, upper, triangular area of a home, beneath the roof.
Term
Gang nail plate
Definition
A steel plate attached to both sides at each joint of a truss. Sometimes called a fishplate or gussett.
Term
Gate valve
Definition
A valve that lets you completely stop (but not modulate) the flow within a pipe.
Term
General Contractor
Definition
A contractor who enters into a contract with the owner of a project for the construction of the project and who takes full responsibility for its completion, although the contractor may enter into subcontracts with others for the performance of specific parts or phases of the project.
Term
Gas lateral
Definition
The trench or area in the yard where the gas line service is located, or the work of installing the gas service to a home.
Term
Girder
Definition
A large or principal beam of wood or steel used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
Term
Girt
Definition
Horizontal perimeter timbers used in post-and-beam construction that function as nailers for vertical siding.
Term
Glazing
Definition
The process of installing glass, which commonly is secured with glazier's points and glazing compound.
Term
Globe valve
Definition
A valve that lets you adjust the flow of water to any rate between fully on and fully off. Also see gate valve.
Term
Gloss enamel
Definition
A finishing paint material. Forms a hard coating with maximum smoothness of surface and dries to a sheen or luster (gloss)
Term
Glued Laminated Beam (Glulam)
Definition
A structural beam composed of wood laminations or lams. The lams are pressure bonded with adhesives to attain a typical thickness of 1 ½" . (It looks like 5 or more 2 X 4's are glued together).
Term
Grade
Definition
Ground level, or the elevation at any given point. Also the work of leveling dirt. Also the designated quality of a manufactured piece of wood.
Term
Grade beam
Definition
A foundation wall that is poured @ level with or just below the grade of theearth. An example is the area where the 8' or 16' overhead garage door "block out" is located, or a lower (walk out basement) foundation wall is poured
Term
Graduated Payment Mortgage (GPM)
Definition
A fixed-rate, fixed-schedule loan. It starts with lower payments than a level payment loan; payments rise annually, with the entire increase being used to reduce the outstanding balance. The increase in payments may enable the borrower to pay off a 30-year loan in 15 to 20 years, or less.
Term
Grain
Definition
The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or quality of the fibers in wood.
Term
Grid
Definition
The completed assembly of main and cross tees in a suspended ceiling system before the ceiling panels are installed. Also the decorative slats (munton) installed between glass panels.
Term
Ground
Definition
Refers to electricity's habit of seeking the shortest route to earth. Neutral wires carry it there in all circuits. An additional grounding wire or the sheathing of the metal-clad cable or conduit—protects against shock if the neutral leg is interrupted.
Term
Ground fault
Definition
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI)- an ultra sensitive plug designed to shut off all electric current. Used in bathrooms, kitchens, exterior waterproof outlets, garage outlets, and "wet areas". Has a small reset button on the plug.
Term
Ground iron
Definition
The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath the basement floor. Cast iron was once used, but black plastic pipe (ABS) is now widely used.
Term
Groundwater
Definition
Water from an aquifer or subsurface water source.
Term
Grout
Definition
A wet mixture of cement, sand and water that flows into masonry or ceramic crevices to seal the cracks between the different pieces. Mortar made of such consistency (by adding water) that it will flow into the joints and cavities of the masonry work and fill them solid.
Term
Gusset
Definition
A flat wood, plywood, or similar type member used to provide a connection at the intersection of wood members. Most commonly used at joints of wood trusses. They are fastened by nails, screws, bolts, or adhesives.
Term
Gutter
Definition
A shallow channel or conduit of metal or wood set below and along the (fascia) eaves of a house to catch and carry off rainwater from the roof.
Term
Gyp board
Definition
Drywall. Wall board or gypsum- A panel (normally 4' X 8', 10', 12', or 16')made with a core of Gypsum (chalk-like) rock, which covers interior walls and ceilings.
Term
Gypsum plaster
Definition
Gypsum formulated to be used with the addition of sand and water for base-coat plaster.
Term
H Clip
Definition
Small metal clips formed like an "H" that fits at the joints of two plywood (or wafer board) sheets to stiffen the joint. Normally used on the roof sheeting.
Term
Hardware
Definition
All of the "metal" fittings that go into the home when it is near completion. For example, door knobs, towel bars, handrail brackets, closet rods, house numbers, door closers, etc. The Interior Trim Carpenter installs the "hardware".
Term
Haunch
Definition
An extension, knee like protrusion of the foundation wall that a concrete porch or patio will rest upon for support.
Term
Hazard insurance
Definition
Protection against damage caused by fire, windstorms, or other common hazards. Many lenders require borrowers to carry it in an amount at least equal to the mortgage.
Term
Header
Definition
(a) A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are nailed inframing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening. (b) A wood lintel. (c) The horizontal structural member over an opening (for example over a door or window).
Term
Hearth
Definition
The fireproof area directly in front of a fireplace. The inner or outer floor of a fireplace, usually made of brick, tile, or stone.
Term
Heating load
Definition
The amount of heating required to keep a building at a specified temperature during the winter, usually 65° F, regardless of outside temperature.
Term
Heat meter
Definition
An electrical municipal inspection of the electric meter breaker panel box.
Term
Heat pump
Definition
A mechanical device which uses compression and decompression of gas to heat and/or cool a house.
Term
Heat Rough
Definition
Work performed by the Heating Contractor after the stairs and interior walls are built. This includes installing all duct work and flue pipes. Sometimes, the furnace and fireplaces are installed at this stage of construction.
Term
Heat Trim
Definition
Work done by the Heating Contractor to get the home ready for the municipal Final Heat Inspection. This includes venting the hot water heater, installing all vent grills, registers, air conditioning services, turning on the furnace, installing thermostats, venting ranges and hoods, and all other heat related work.
Term
Heel cut
Definition
A notch cut in the end of a rafter to permit it to fit flat on a wall and on the top, doubled, exterior wall plate.
Term
Highlights
Definition
A light spot, area, or streak on a painted surface.
Term
Hip
Definition
A roof with four sloping sides. The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides of a roof.
Term
Hip roof
Definition
A roof that rises by inclined planes from all four sides of a building.
Term
Home run (electrical)
Definition
The electrical cable that carries power from the main circuit breaker panel to the first electrical box, plug, or switch in the circuit.
Term
Honey combs
Definition
The appearance concrete makes when rocks in the concrete are visible and where there are void areas in the foundation wall, especially around concrete foundation windows.
Term
Hose bib
Definition
An exterior water faucet (sill cock).
Term
Hot wire
Definition
The wire that carries electrical energy to a receptacle or other device—in contrast to a neutral, which carries electricity away again. Normally the black wire. Also see ground.
Term
Humidifier
Definition
An appliance normally attached to the furnace, or portable unit device designed to increase the humidity within a room or a house by means of the discharge of water vapor.
Term
Hurricane clip
Definition
Metal straps that are nailed and secure the roof rafters and trusses to the top horizontal wall plate. Sometimes called a Teco clip.
Term
H V A C
Definition
An abbreviation for Heat, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Term
I-beam
Definition
A steel beam with a cross section resembling the letter I. It is used for long spans as basement beams or over wide wall openings, such as a double garage door, when wall and roof loads bear down on the opening.
Term
I-joist
Definition
Manufactured structural building component resembling the letter "I". Used as floor joists and rafters. I-joists include two key parts: flanges and webs. The flange or from of the I joist may be made of laminated veneer lumber or dimensional lumber, usually formed into a 1 ½" width. The web or center of the I-joist is commonly made of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB). Large holes can be cut in the web to accommodate duct work and plumbing waste lines. I-joists are available in lengths up to 60 feet long
Term
Incandescent lamp
Definition
A lamp employing an electrically charged metal filament that glows at white heat. A typical light bulb.
Term
Index
Definition
The interest rate or adjustment standard that determines the changes in monthly payments for an adjustable rate loan.
Term
Infiltration
Definition
The passage of air from indoors to outdoors and vice versa; term is usually associated with drafts from cracks, seams or holes in buildings.
Term
Inside corner
Definition
The point at which two walls form an internal angle, as in the corner of a room.
Term
Insulating glass
Definition
Window or door in which two panes of glass are used with a sealed air space between. Also known as Double glass.
Term
Insulation board, rigid
Definition
A structural building board made of coarse wood or cane fiber in ½- and 25/32-inch thickness. It can be obtained in various size sheets and densities.
Term
Insulation
Definition
Any material high in resistance to heat transmission that, when placed in the walls, ceiling, or floors of a structure, and will reduce the rate of heat flow.
Term
Interest
Definition
The cost paid to a lender for borrowed money.
Term
Interior finish
Definition
Material used to cover the interior framed areas of walls and ceilings
Term
Irrigation
Definition
Lawn sprinkler system.
Term
J Channel
Definition
Metal edging used on drywall to give the edge a better finished appearance when a wall is not "wrapped" Generally, basement stairway walls have drywall only on the stair side. J Channel is used on the vertical edge of the last drywall sheet
Term
Jack post
Definition
A type of structural support made of metal, which can be raised or lowered through a series of pins and a screw to meet the height required. Basically used as a replacement for an old supporting member in a building. See Monopost.
Term
Jack rafter
Definition
A rafter that spans the distance from the wall plate to a hip, or from a valley to a ridge.
Term
Jack Stud
Definition
A stud that runs between the sole plate and the bottom of the header; also referred to as a TRIMMER STUD.
Term
Jamb
Definition
The side and head lining of a doorway, window, or other opening. Includes studs as well as the frame and trim.
Term
Joint
Definition
The location between the touching surfaces of two members or components joined and held together by nails, glue, cement, mortar, or other means.
Term
Joint cement or Joint compound
Definition
A powder that is usually mixed with water and used for joint treatment in gypsum-wallboard finish. Often called "spackle" or drywall mud.
Term
Joint tenancy
Definition
A form of ownership in which the tenants own a property equally. If one dies, the other automatically inherits the entire property.
Term
Joint trench
Definition
When the electric company and telephone company dig one trench and "drop" both of their service lines in.
Term
Joist
Definition
Wooden 2 X 8's, 10's, or 12's that run parallel to one another and support a floor or ceiling, and supported in turn by larger beams, girders, or bearing walls.
Term
Joist hanger
Definition
A metal "U" shaped item used to support the end of a floor joist and attached with hardened nails to another bearing joist or beam.
Term
Jumpers
Definition
Water pipe installed in a water meter pit (before the water meter is installed), or electric wire that is installed in the electric house panel meter socket before the meter is installed. This is sometimes illegal.
Term
Keeper
Definition
The metal latch plate in a door frame into which a doorknob plunger latches.
Term
Keyless
Definition
A plastic or porcelain light fixture that operates by a pull string. Generally found in the basement, crawl space , and attic areas.
Term
Keyway
Definition
A slot formed and poured on a footer or in a foundation wall when another wall will be installed at the slot location. This gives additional strength to the joint/meeting point.
Term
Kilowatt (kw)
Definition
One thousand watts. A kilowatt hour is the base unit used in measuring electrical consumption. Also see watt.
Term
King stud
Definition
The vertical "2 X's" frame lumber (left and right) of a window or door opening, and runs continuously from the bottom sole plate to the top plate.
Term
Knee Brace
Definition
Diagonal brace that's fastened between a beam and the top of a post for lateral stability.
Term
Knot
Definition
In lumber, the portion of a branch or limb of a tree that appears on the edge or face of the piece.
Term
Laminated shingles
Definition
Shingles that have added dimensionality because of extra layers or tabs, giving a shake-like appearance. May also be called "architectural shingles" or "three-dimensional shingles."
Term
Laminating
Definition
Bonding together two or more layers of materials.
Term
Landing
Definition
A platform between flights of stairs or at the termination of a flight of stairs. Often used when stairs change direction. Normally no less than 3 ft. X 3 ft. square.
Term
Lap
Definition
To cover the surface of one shingle or roll with another.
Term
Latch
Definition
A beveled metal tongue operated by a spring-loaded knob or lever. The tongue's bevel lets you close the door and engage the locking mechanism, if any, without using a key. Contrasts with dead bolt.
Term
Lateral (electric, gas, telephone, sewer and water)
Definition
The underground trench and related services (i.e., electric, gas, telephone, sewer and water lines) that will be buried within the trench.
Term
Lath
Definition
A building material of narrow wood, metal, gypsum, or insulating board that is fastened to the frame of a building to act as a base for plaster, shingles, or tiles.
Term
Lattice
Definition
An open framework of criss-crossed wood or metal strips that form regular, patterned spaces.
Term
Ledger (for a Structural Floor)
Definition
The wooden perimeter frame lumber member that bolts onto the face of a foundation wall and supports the wood structural floor. A structural member attached to a structure to support porch or deck joists.
Term
Ledger strip
Definition
A strip of lumber nailed along the bottom of the side of a girder on which joists rest.
Term
Leech field
Definition
A method used to treat/dispose of sewage in rural areas not accessible to a municipal sewer system. Sewage is permitted to be filtered and eventually discharged into a section of the lot called a leech field.
Term
Let-in bracing
Definition
Nominal 1 inch-thick boards applied into notched studs diagonally that keeps the walls square and provides shear support. Also, an "L" shaped, long (@ 10') metal strap that are installed by the framer at the rough stage to give support to an exterior wall or wall corner.
Term
Level
Definition
True horizontal. Also a tool used to determine level.
Term
Level Payment Mortgage
Definition
A mortgage with identical monthly payments over the life of the loan.
Term
Lien
Definition
An encumbrance that usually makes real or personal property the security for payment of a debt or discharge of an obligation.
Term
Light
Definition
Space in a window sash for a single pane of glass. Also, a pane of glass.
Term
Limit switch
Definition
A safety control that automatically shuts off a furnace if it gets too hot. Most also control blower cycles.
Term
Lineal foot
Definition
A unit of measure for lumber equal to 1 inch thick by 12 inches wide by 12 inches long. Examples: 1" x 12" x 16' = 16 board feet, 2" x 12" x 16' = 32 board feet.
Term
Lintel
Definition
A horizontal structural member that supports the load over an opening such as a door or window.
Term
Load bearing wall
Definition
Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned above a support beam or girder. Normally, any wall that has a double horizontal top plate.
Term
Loan
Definition
The amount to be borrowed.
Term
Loan to value ratio
Definition
The ratio of the loan amount to the property valuation and expressed as a percentage. E.g. if a borrower is seeking a loan of $200,000 on a property worth $400,000 it has a 50% loan to value rate. If the loan were $300,000, the LTV would be 75%. The higher the loan to value, the greater the lender's perceived risk. Loans above normal lending LTV ratios may require additional security.
Term
Lookout
Definition
A short wood bracket or cantilever that supports an overhang portion of a roof.
Term
Louver
Definition
A vented opening into the home that has a series of horizontal slats and arranged to permit ventilation but to exclude rain, snow, light, insects, or other living creatures.
Term
Lumens
Definition
Unit of measure for total light output. The amount of light falling on a surface of one square foot.
Term
Male
Definition
Any part, such as a bolt, designed to fit into another (female) part. External threads are male.
Term
Mantel
Definition
The shelf above a fireplace opening. Also used in referring to the decorative trim around a fireplace opening.
Term
Manufactured wood
Definition
A wood product such as a truss, beam, gluelam, microlam or joist which is manufactured out of smaller wood pieces and glued or mechanically fastened to form a larger piece. Often used to create a stronger member which may use less wood. See also Oriented Strand Board.
Term
Manufacturer's specifications
Definition
The written installation and/or maintenance instructions which are developed by the manufacturer of a product and which may have to be followed in order to maintain the product warrantee.
Term
Masonry
Definition
Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar building units or materials. Normally bonded together with mortar to form a wall.
Term
Mastic
Definition
A pasty material used as a cement (as for setting tile) or a protective coating (as for thermal insulation or waterproofing)
Term
Mechanics lien
Definition
A lien on real property, created by statue in many years, in favor of persons supplying labor or materials for a building or structure, for the value of labor or materials supplied by them. In some jurisdictions, a mechanics lien also exists for the value of professional services. Clear title to the property cannot be obtained until the claim for the labor, materials, or professional services is settled. Timely filing is essential to support the encumbrance, and prescribed filing dates vary by jurisdiction.
Term
Metal lath
Definition
Sheets of metal that are slit to form openings within the lath. Used as a plaster base for walls and ceilings and as reinforcing over other forms of plaster base.
Term
Microlam
Definition
A manufactured structural wood beam. It is constructed of pressure and adhesive bonded wood strands of wood. They have a higher strength rating than solid sawn lumber. Normally comes in l ½" thickness' and 9 ½", 11 ½" and 14" widths
Term
Milar (mylar)
Definition
Plastic, transparent copies of a blueprint.
Term
Millwork
Definition
Generally all building materials made of finished wood and manufactured in millwork plants. Includes all doors, window and door frames, blinds, mantels, panelwork, stairway components (ballusters, rail, etc.), moldings, and interior trim. Does not include flooring, ceiling, or siding.
Term
Miter joint
Definition
The joint of two pieces at an angle that bisects the joining angle. For example, the miter joint at the side and head casing at a door opening is made at a 45° angle.
Term
Molding
Definition
A wood strip having an engraved, decorative surface.
Term
Monopost
Definition
Adjustable metal column used to support a beam or bearing point. Normally 11 gauge or Schedule 40 metal, and determined by the structural engineer
Term
Mortar
Definition
A mixture of cement (or lime) with sand and water used in masonry work.
Term
Mortgage
Definition
Loan secured by land.
Term
Mortgage broker
Definition
A broker who represents numerous lenders and helps consumers find affordable mortgages; the broker charges a fee only if the consumer finds a loan.
Term
Mortgage company
Definition
A company that borrows money from a bank, lends it to consumers to buy homes, then sells the loans to investors.
Term
Mortgage deed
Definition
Legal document establishing a loan on property.
Term
Mortgagee
Definition
The lender who makes the mortgage loan.
Term
Mortgage loan
Definition
A contract in which the borrower's property is pledged as collateral. It is repaid in installments. The mortgagor (buyer) promises to repay principal and interest, keep the home insured, pay all taxes and keep the property in good condition.
Term
Mortgage Origination Fee
Definition
A charge for work involved in preparing and servicing a mortgage application (usually one percent of the loan amount).
Term
Mortise
Definition
A slot cut into a board, plank, or timber, usually edgewise, to receive the tenon (or tongue) of another board, plank, or timber to form a joint.
Term
Mudsill
Definition
Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests on top a foundation, sometimes called sill plate. Also sole plate, bottom member of interior wall frame.
Term
Mullion
Definition
A vertical divider in the frame between windows, doors, or other openings.
Term
Muntin
Definition
A small member which divides the glass or openings of sash or doors.
Term
Muriatic acid
Definition
Commonly used as a brick cleaner after masonry work is completed.
Term
Mushroom
Definition
The unacceptable occurrence when the top of a caisson concrete pier spreads out and hardens to become wider than the foundation wall thickness.
Term
Nail inspection
Definition
An inspection made by a municipal building inspector after the drywall material is hung with nails and screws (and before taping).
Term
Natural finish
Definition
A transparent finish which does not seriously alter the original color or grain of the natural wood. Natural finishes are usually provided by sealers, oils, varnishes, water repellent preservatives, and other similar materials.
Term
NEC (National Electrical Code)
Definition
A set of rules governing safe wiring methods. Local codes—which are backed by law—may differ from the NEC in some ways.
Term
Neutral wire
Definition
Usually color-coded white, this carries electricity from an outlet back to the service panel. Also see hot wire and ground.
Term
Newel post
Definition
The large starting post to which the end of a stair guard railing or balustrade is fastened.
Term
Nonbearing wall
Definition
A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
Term
Nosing
Definition
The projecting edge of a molding or drip or the front edge of a stair tread.
Term
Notch
Definition
A crosswise groove at the end of a board.
Term
Note
Definition
A formal document showing the existence of a debt and stating the terms of repayment.
Term
Nozzle
Definition
The part of a heating system that sprays the fuel of fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber.
Term
O/C - On Center
Definition
The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, and joists in a building from the center of one member to the center of the next.
Term
Oakum
Definition
Loose hemp or jute fiber that's impregnated with tar or pitch and used to caulk large seams or for packing plumbing pipe joints
Term
On Center (O.C.)
Definition
The spacing between framing members as measured from the center of one to the center of the next.
Term
Open hole inspection
Definition
When an engineer (or municipal inspector) inspects the open excavation and examines the earth to determine the type of foundation (caisson, footer, wall on ground, etc.) that should be installed in the hole.
Term
Oriented Strand Board or OSB
Definition
A manufactured 4' X 8' wood panel made out of 1"- 2" wood chips and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood.
Term
Outrigger
Definition
An extension of a rafter beyond the wall line. Usually a smaller member nailed to a larger rafter to form a cornice or roof overhang.
Term
Outside corner
Definition
The point at which two walls form an external angle, one you usually can walk around.
Term
Overhang
Definition
Outward projecting eave-soffit area of a roof; the part of the roof that hangs out or over the outside wall. See also Cornice.
Term
Padding
Definition
A material installed under carpet to add foot comfort, isolate sound, and to prolong carpet life.
Term
Pad out, pack out
Definition
To shim out or add strips of wood to a wall or ceiling in order that the finished ceiling/wall will appear correct.
Term
Paint
Definition
A combination of pigments with suitable thinners or oils to provide decorative and protective coatings. Can be oil based or latex water based.
Term
Pallets
Definition
Wooden platforms used for storing and shipping material. Forklifts and hand trucks are used to move these wooden platforms around.
Term
Panel
Definition
A thin flat piece of wood, plywood, or similar material, framed by stiles and rails as in a door (or cabinet door), or fitted into grooves of thicker material with molded edges for decorative wall treatment.
Term
Paper, building
Definition
A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet materials used in buildings without reference to their properties or uses. Generally comes in long rolls.
Term
Parapet
Definition
A wall placed at the edge of a roof to prevent people from falling off.
Term
Parting stop or strip
Definition
A small wood piece used in the side and head jambs of double hung windows to separate the upper sash from the lower sash.
Term
Particle board
Definition
Plywood substitute made of course sawdust that is mixed with resin and pressed into sheets. Used for closet shelving, floor underlayment, stair treads, etc.
Term
Partition
Definition
A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building or room.
Term
Paver, paving
Definition
Materials (commonly masonry) laid down to make a firm, even surface.
Term
Payment schedule
Definition
A pre-agreed upon schedule of payments to a contractor usually based upon the amount of work completed. Such a schedule may include a deposit prior to the start of work. There may also be a temporary 'retainer' (5-10% of the total cost of the job) at the end of the contract for correcting any small items which have not been completed or repaired.
Term
Pedestal
Definition
A metal box installed at various locations along utility easements that contain electrical, telephone, or cable television switches and connections.
Term
Penalty clause
Definition
A provision in a contract that provides for a reduction in the amount otherwise payable under a contract to a contractor as a penalty for failure to meet deadlines or for failure of the project to meet contract specifications.
Term
Penny
Definition
As applied to nails, it originally indicated the price per hundred. The term now series as a measure of nail length and is abbreviated by the letter "d". Normally, 16d (16 "penny") nails are used for framing
Term
Percolation test or perc. test
Definition
Tests that a soil engineer performs on earth to determine the feasibility of installing a leech field type sewer system on a lot. A test to determine if the soil on a proposed building lot is capable of absorbing the liquid affluent from a septic system.
Term
Performance bond
Definition
An amount of money (usually 10% of the total price of a job) that a contractor must put on deposit with a governmental agency as an insurance policy that guarantees the contractors' proper and timely completion of a project or job.
Term
Perimeter drain
Definition
3" or 4" perforated plastic pipe that goes around the perimeter (either inside or outside) of a foundation wall (before backfill) and collects and diverts ground water away from the foundation. Generally, it is "daylighted" into a sump pit inside the home, and a sump pump is sometimes inserted into the pit to discharge any accumulation of water.
Term
Permeability
Definition
A measure of the ease with which water penetrates a material.
Term
Pigtails, electrical
Definition
The electric cord that the electrician provides and installs on an appliance such as a garbage disposal, dishwasher, or range hood.
Term
Pier
Definition
A column of masonry, usually rectangular in horizontal cross section, used to support other structural members, i.e. columns, posts, girders, or joists. Also see Caisson.
Term
Pigment
Definition
A powdered solid used in paint or enamel to give it a color.
Term
Pilot hole
Definition
A small-diameter, pre-drilled hole that guides a nail or screw.
Term
Pilot light
Definition
A small, continuous flame (in a hot water heater, boiler, or furnace) that ignites gas or oil burners when needed.
Term
Pitch
Definition
The incline slope of a roof or the ratio of the total rise to the total width of a house, i.e., a 6-foot rise and 24-foot width is a one-fourth pitch roof. Roof slope is expressed in the inches of rise, per foot of horizontal run.
Term
PITI
Definition
Principal, interest, taxes and insurance (the four major components of monthly housing payments).
Term
Plan view
Definition
Drawing of a structure with the view from overhead, looking down.
Term
Plenum
Definition
The main hot-air supply duct leading from a furnace.
Term
Plot plan
Definition
An overhead view plan that shows the location of the home on the lot. Includes all easements, property lines, set backs, and legal descriptions of the home. Provided by the surveyor.
Term
Plough, plow
Definition
To cut a lengthwise groove in a board or plank. An exterior handrail normally has a ploughed groove for hand gripping purposes
Term
Plumb
Definition
Exactly vertical and perpendicular. Also, to make vertical.
Term
Plumb bob
Definition
A lead weight attached to a string. It is the tool used in determining plumb.
Term
Plumbing boots
Definition
Metal saddles used to strengthen a bearing wall/vertical stud(s) where a plumbing drain line has been cut through and installed.
Term
Plumbing ground
Definition
The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath a basement floor.
Term
Plumbing jacks
Definition
Sleeves that fit around drain and waste vent pipes at, and are nailed to, the roof sheeting.
Term
Plumbing rough
Definition
Work performed by the plumbing contractor after the Rough Heat is installed. This work includes installing all plastic ABS drain and waste lines, copper water lines, bath tubs, shower pans, and gas piping to furnaces and fireplaces. Lead solder should not be used on copper piping.
Term
Plumbing stack
Definition
A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof.
Term
Plumbing trim
Definition
Work performed by the plumbing contractor to get the home ready for a final plumbing inspection. Includes installing all toilets (water closets), hot water heaters, sinks, connecting all gas pipe to appliances, disposal, dishwasher, and all plumbing items.
Term
Plumbing waste line
Definition
Plastic pipe used to collect and drain sewage waste.
Term
Ply
Definition
A term to denote the number of layers of roofing felt, veneer in plywood, or layers in built-up materials, in any finished piece of such material.
Term
Plywood
Definition
A panel (normally 4' X 8') of wood made of three or more layers of veneer, compressed and joined with glue, and usually laid with the grain of adjoining plies at right angles to give the sheet strength.
Term
Point load
Definition
A point where a bearing/structural weight is concentrated and transferred to the foundation.
Term
Portland cement
Definition
Cement made by heating clay and crushed limestone into a brick and then grinding to a pulverized powder state.
Term
Post
Definition
A vertical framing member usually designed to carry a beam. Often a 4" x 4", a 6" x 6", or a metal pipe with a flat plate on top and bottom.
Term
Post-and-beam framing
Definition
A basic building method that uses just a few hefty posts and beams to support an entire structure. Identified by its use of large, widely spaced load-carrying timbers; also referred to as post-and-girt, post-and-lintel, or timber framing. Contrasts with stud framing.
Term
Power vent
Definition
A vent that includes a fan to speed up air flow. Often installed on roofs.
Term
Premium
Definition
Amount payable on a loan.
Term
Preservative
Definition
Any pesticide substance that, for a reasonable length of time, will prevent the action of wood-destroying fungi, insect borers, and similar destructive agents when the wood has been properly coated or impregnated with it. Normally an arsenic derivative. Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) is an example.
Term
Pressure Relief Valve (PRV)
Definition
A device mounted on a hot water heater or boiler which is designed to release any high steam pressure in the tank to prevent tank explosions.
Term
Pressure-treated wood
Definition
Lumber that has been saturated with a preservative.
Term
Primer
Definition
The first, base coat of paint when a paint job consists of two or more coats. A first coating formulated to seal raw surfaces and holding succeeding finish coats.
Term
Principal
Definition
The original amount of the loan, the capital.
Term
Property survey
Definition
A survey to determine the boundaries of your property. The cost depends on the complexity of the survey.
Term
P trap
Definition
Curved, "U" section of drain pipe that holds a water seal to prevent sewer gasses from entering the home through a fixtures water drain.
Term
Pump mix
Definition
Special concrete that will be used in a concrete pump. Generally, the mix has smaller rock aggregate than regular mix.
Term
Punch list
Definition
A list of discrepancies that need to be corrected by the contractor.
Term
Punch out
Definition
To inspect and make a discrepancy list.
Term
Putty
Definition
A type of dough used in sealing glass in the sash, filling small holes and crevices in wood, and for similar purposes.
Term
PVC or CPVC
Definition
Poly Vinyl Chloride-A type of white or light gray plastic pipe sometimes used for water supply lines and waste pipe.
Term
Quarry tile
Definition
A man-made or machine-made clay tile used to finish a floor or wall. Generally 6" X 6" X 1/4" thick .
Term
Quarter round
Definition
A small trim molding that has the cross section of a quarter circle.
Term
Rabbet
Definition
A rectangular longitudinal groove cut in the corner edge of a board or plank.
Term
Radiant heating
Definition
A method of heating, usually consisting of a forced hot water system with pipes placed in the floor, wall, or ceiling. Also electrically heated panels.
Term
Radiation
Definition
Energy transmitted from a heat source to the air around it. Radiators actually depend more on convection than radiation.
Term
Radon
Definition
A naturally-occurring, heavier than air, radioactive gas common in many parts of the country. Radon gas exposure is associated with lung cancer. Mitigation measures may involve crawl space and basement venting and various forms of vapor barriers.
Term
Radon system
Definition
A ventilation system beneath the floor of a basement and/or structural wood floor and designed to fan exhaust radon gas to the outside of the home
Term
Rafter
Definition
Lumber used to support the roof sheeting and roof loads. Generally, 2 X 10's and 2 X 12's are used. The rafters of a flat roof are sometimes called roof joists.
Term
Rafter, hip
Definition
A rafter that forms the intersection of an external roof angle.
Term
Rafter, valley
Definition
A rafter that forms the intersection of an internal roof angle. The valley rafter is normally made of double 2-inch-thick members.
Term
Rail
Definition
Cross members of panel doors or of a sash. Also, a wall or open balustrade placed at the edge of a staircase, walkway bridge, or elevated surface to prevent people from falling off. Any relatively lightweight horizontal element, especially those found in fences (split rail).
Term
Railroad tie
Definition
Black, tar and preservative impregnated, 6" X 8" and 6'-8' long wooden timber that was used to hold railroad track in place. Normally used as a member of a retaining wall.
Term
Rake
Definition
Slope or slanted.
Term
Rake fascia
Definition
The vertical face of the sloping end of a roof eave.
Term
Rake siding
Definition
The practice of installing lap siding diagonally
Term
Ranch
Definition
A single story, one level home.
Term
Ready mixed concrete
Definition
Concrete mixed at a plant or in trucks en route to a job and delivered ready for placement.
Term
Rebar, reinforcing bar
Definition
Ribbed steel bars installed in foundation concrete walls, footers, and poured in place concrete structures designed to strengthen concrete. Comes in various thickness' and strength grade.
Term
Receptacle
Definition
An electrical outlet. A typical household will have many 120 volt receptacles for plugging in lams and appliances and 240 volt receptacles for the range, clothes dryer, air conditioners, etc.
Term
Recording fee
Definition
A charge for recording the transfer of a property, paid to a city, county, or other appropriate branch of government.
Term
Redline, red lined prints
Definition
Blueprints that reflect changes and that are marked with red pencil.
Term
Reducer
Definition
A fitting with different size openings at either end and used to go from a larger to a smaller pipe.
Term
Reflective insulation
Definition
Sheet material with one or both faces covered with aluminum foil.
Term
Refrigerant
Definition
A substance that remains a gas at low temperatures and pressure and can be used to transfer heat. Freon is an example and is used in air conditioning systems.
Term
Register
Definition
A grill placed over a heating duct or cold air return.
Term
Reglaze
Definition
To replace a broken window.
Term
Relief valve
Definition
A device designed to open if it detects excess temperature or pressure.
Term
Remote
Definition
Remote electrical, gas, or water meter digital readouts that are installed near the front of the home in order for utility companies to easily read the home owners usage of the service.
Term
Retaining wall
Definition
A structure that holds back a slope and prevents erosion.
Term
Retentions
Definition
Amounts withheld from progress billings until final and satisfactory project completion.
Term
R factor or value
Definition
A measure of a materials resistance to the passage of heat. New homewalls are usually insulated with 4" of batt insulation with an R value of R-13, and a ceiling insulation of R-30.
Term
Ribbon (girt)
Definition
Normally a 1 X 4 board let into the studs horizontally to support the ceiling or second-floor joists.
Term
Ridge
Definition
The horizontal line at the junction of the top edges of two sloping roof surfaces.
Term
Ridge board
Definition
The board placed on the ridge of the roof onto which the upper ends of other rafters are fastened.
Term
Ridge shingles
Definition
Shingles used to cover the ridge board.
Term
Rim joist
Definition
A joist that runs around the perimeter of the floor joists and home, fastened across the ends of other joists to keep the structure rigid.
Term
Rise
Definition
The vertical distance from the eaves line to the ridge. Also the vertical distance from stair tread to stair tread (and not to exceed 7 ½").
Term
Riser
Definition
Each of the vertical boards closing the spaces between the treads of stairways.
Term
Riser and panel
Definition
The exterior vertical pipe (riser) and metal electric box (panel) the electrician provides and installs at the "Rough Electric" stage.
Term
Road base
Definition
A aggregate mixture of sand and stone.
Term
Rock 1, 2, 3
Definition
When referring to drywall, this means to install drywall to the walls and ceilings (with nails and screws), and before taping is performed.
Term
Roll, rolling
Definition
To install the floor joists or trusses in their correct place. (To "roll the floor" means to install the floor joists).
Term
Romex
Definition
A name brand of nonmetallic sheathed electrical cable that is used for indoor wiring.
Term
Roll roofing
Definition
Asphalt roofing products manufactured in roll form. 36-inch wide rolls with and 108 square feet of material. Weights are generally 45 to 90 pounds per roll.
Term
Romex
Definition
A name brand of nonmetallic sheathed electrical cable that is used for indoor wiring.
Term
Roof jack
Definition
Sleeves that fit around the black plumbing waste vent pipes at, and are nailed to, the roof sheeting.
Term
Roof joist
Definition
The rafters of a flat roof. Lumber used to support the roof sheeting and roof loads. Generally, 2 X 10's and 2 X 12's are used.
Term
Roof Pitch
Definition
The rise of the roof over its run, expressed as the number of inches of rise per unit of run (typically 12 inches); 8 in 12 means a roof rises 8 inches for every 12 inches of run.
Term
Roof sheathing or sheeting
Definition
The wood panels or sheet material fastened to the roof rafters or trusses on which the shingle or other roof covering is laid.
Term
Roof valley
Definition
The "V" created where two sloping roofs meet.
Term
Rough opening
Definition
The horizontal and vertical measurement of a window or door opening before drywall or siding is installed. Opening in framing sized to accept a window or door prepared with a header and jack, king, and cripple studs to assume a structural load.
Term
Rough sill
Definition
The framing member at the bottom of a rough opening for a window. It is attached to the cripple studs below the rough opening.
Term
Roughing-in
Definition
The initial stage of a plumbing, electrical, heating, carpentry, and/or other project, when all components that won't be seen after the second finishing phase are assembled. See also Heat Rough, Plumbing Rough, and Electrical Rough.
Term
Run, roof
Definition
The horizontal distance from the eaves to a point directly under the ridge. One half the span.
Term
Run, stair
Definition
The horizontal distance of a stair tread from the nose to the riser.
Term
R Value
Definition
A measure of insulation. A measure of a materials resistance to the passage of heat. The higher the R value, the more insulating "power" it has. For example, typical new home's walls are usually insulated with 4" of batt insulation with an R value of R-13, and a ceiling insulation of R-30.
Term
Saddle
Definition
A small second roof built behind the back side of a fireplace chimney to divert water around the chimney. Also, the plate at the bottom of some—usually exterior—door openings. Sometimes called a threshold.
Term
Sack mix
Definition
The amount of Portland cement in a cubic yard of concrete mix. Generally, 5 or 6 sack is required in a foundation wall.
Term
Sales contract
Definition
A contract between a buyer and seller which should explain: (1) What the purchase includes, (2) What guarantees there are, (3) When the buyer can move in, (4) What the closing costs are, and (5) What recourse the parties have if the contract is not fulfilled or if the buyer cannot get a mortgage commitment at the agreed upon time.
Term
Sand float finish
Definition
Lime that is mixed with sand, resulting in a textured finish on a wall.
Term
Sanitary sewer
Definition
A sewer system designed for the collection of waste water from the bathroom, kitchen and laundry drains, and is usually not designed to handle storm water.
Term
Sash
Definition
A single light frame containing one or more lights of glass. The frame that holds the glass in a window, often the movable part of the window.
Term
Sash balance
Definition
A device, usually operated by a spring and designed to hold a single hung window vent up and in place
Term
Saturated felt
Definition
A felt which is impregnated with tar or asphalt.
Term
Schedule (window, door, mirror)
Definition
A table on the blueprints that list the sizes, quantities and locations of the windows, doors and mirrors.
Term
Scrap out
Definition
The removal of all drywall material and debris after the home is "hung out" (installed) with drywall.
Term
Scratch coat
Definition
The first coat of plaster, which is scratched to form a bond for a second coat.
Term
Screed, concrete
Definition
To level off concrete to the correct elevation during a concrete pour.
Term
Screed, plaster
Definition
A small strip of wood, usually the thickness of the plaster coat, used as a guide for plastering.
Term
Scribing
Definition
Cutting and fitting woodwork to an irregular surface.
Term
Scupper
Definition
(1) An opening for drainage in a wall, curb or parapet. (2) The drain in a downspout or flat roof, usually connected to the downspout.
Term
Sealer
Definition
A finishing material, either clear or pigmented, that is usually applied directly over raw wood for the purpose of sealing the wood surface.
Term
Seasoning
Definition
Drying and removing moisture from green wood in order to improve its usability.
Term
Self-sealing shingles
Definition
Shingles containing factory-applied strips or spots of self-sealing adhesive.
Term
Semigloss paint or enamel
Definition
A paint or enamel made so that its coating, when dry, has some luster but is not very glossy. Bathrooms and kitchens are normally painted semi-gloss
Term
Septic system
Definition
An on site waste water treatment system. It usually has a septic tank which promotes the biological digestion of the waste, and a drain field which is designed to let the left over liquid soak into the ground. Septic systems and permits are usually sized by the number of bedrooms in a house.
Term
Service entrance panel
Definition
Main power cabinet where electricity enters a home wiring system.
Term
Service equipment
Definition
Main control gear at the service entrance, such as circuit breakers, switches, and fuses.
Term
Service lateral
Definition
Underground power supply line.
Term
Setback
Definition
A local building code requirement that structures be built a certain distance from the street, sidewalk, or property line.
Term
Setback Thermostat
Definition
A thermostat with a clock which can be programmed to come on or go off at various temperatures and at different times of the day/week. Usually used as the heating or cooling system thermostat.
Term
Settlement
Definition
Shifts in a structure, usually caused by freeze-thaw cycles underground.
Term
Sewage ejector
Definition
A pump used to 'lift' waste water to a gravity sanitary sewer line. Usually used in basements and other locations which are situated bellow the level of the side sewer.
Term
Sewer lateral
Definition
The portion of the sanitary sewer which connects the interior waste water lines to the main sewer lines. The side sewer is usually buried in several feet of soil and runs from the house to the sewer line. It is usually 'owned' by the sewer utility, must be maintained by the owner and may only be serviced by utility approved contractors. Sometimes called side sewer.
Term
Sewer stub
Definition
The junction at the municipal sewer system where the home's sewer line is connected.
Term
Sewer tap
Definition
The physical connection point where the home's sewer line connects to the main municipal sewer line.
Term
Shake
Definition
A wood roofing material, normally cedar or redwood. Produced by splitting a block of the wood along the grain line. Modern shakes are sometimes machine sawn on one side. See shingle.
Term
Shear block
Definition
Plywood that is face nailed to short (2 X 4's or 2 X 6's) wall studs (above a door or window, for example). This is done to prevent the wall from sliding and collapsing.
Term
Sheathing, sheeting
Definition
The structural wood panel covering, usually OSB or plywood, used over studs, floor joists or rafters/trusses of a structure.
Term
Shed roof
Definition
A roof containing only one sloping plane.
Term
Sheet metal work
Definition
All components of a house employing sheet metal, such as flashing, gutters, and downspouts.
Term
Sheet metal duct work
Definition
The heating system. Usually round or rectangular metal pipes and sheet metal (for Return Air) and installed for distributing warm (or cold) air from the furnace to rooms in the home.
Term
Sheet rock, Drywall, Wall board, or gypsum
Definition
A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2" thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x 12' in size. The 'joint compound'. 'Green board' type drywall has a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used in bathrooms and other "wet areas".
Term
Shim
Definition
A small piece of scrap lumber or shingle, usually wedge shaped, which when forced behind a furring strip or framing member forces it into position. Also used when installing doors and placed between the door jamb legs and 2 X 4 door trimmers. Metal shims are wafer 1 1/2" X 2" sheet metal of various thickness' used to fill gaps in wood framing members, especially at bearing point locations.
Term
Shingles
Definition
Roof covering of asphalt, asbestos, wood, tile, slate, or other material cut to stock lengths, widths, and thickness'.
Term
Shingles, siding
Definition
Various kinds of shingles, used over sheathing for exterior wall covering of a structure.
Term
Short circuit
Definition
A situation that occurs when hot and neutral wires come in contact with each other. Fuses and circuit breakers protect against fire that could result from a short.
Term
Shutter
Definition
Usually lightweight louvered decorative frames in the form of doors located on the sides of a window. Some shutters are made to close over the window for protection.
Term
Side sewer
Definition
The portion of the sanitary sewer which connects the interior waste water lines to the main sewer lines. The side sewer is usually buried in several feet of soil and runs from the house to the sewer line. It is usually 'owned' by the sewer utility, must be maintained by the owner and may only be serviced by utility approved contractors. Sometimes called sewer lateral.
Term
Siding
Definition
The finished exterior covering of the outside walls of a frame building.
Term
Siding, (lap siding)
Definition
Slightly wedge-shaped boards used as horizontal siding in a lapped pattern over the exterior sheathing. Varies in butt thickness from ½ to ¾ inch and in widths up to 12".
Term
Sill
Definition
(1) The 2 X 4 or 2 X 6 wood plate framing member that lays flat against and bolted to the foundation wall (with anchor bolts) and upon which the floor joists are installed. Normally the sill plate is treated lumber. (2) The member forming the lower side of an opening, as a door sill or window sill.
Term
Sill cock
Definition
An exterior water faucet (hose bib).
Term
Sill plate (mudsill)
Definition
Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests on top a foundation, sometimes called mudsill. Also sole plate, bottom member of an interior wall frame.
Term
Sill seal
Definition
Fiberglass or foam insulation installed between the foundation wall and sill (wood) plate. Designed to seal any cracks or gaps.
Term
Single hung window
Definition
A window with one vertically sliding sash or window vent.
Term
Skylight
Definition
A more or less horizontal window located on the roof of a building.
Term
Slab, concrete
Definition
Concrete pavement, i.e. driveways, garages, and basement floors.
Term
Slab, door
Definition
A rectangular door without hinges or frame.
Term
Slab on grade
Definition
A type of foundation with a concrete floor which is placed directly on the soil. The edge of the slab is usually thicker and acts as the footing for the walls.
Term
Slag
Definition
Concrete cement that sometimes covers the vertical face of the foundation void material.
Term
Sleeper
Definition
Usually, a wood member embedded in concrete, as in a floor, that serves to support and to fasten the subfloor or flooring.
Term
Sleeve(s)
Definition
Pipe installed under the concrete driveway or sidewalk, and that will be used later to run sprinkler pipe or low voltage wire.
Term
Slope
Definition
The incline angle of a roof surface, given as a ratio of the rise (in inches) to the run (in feet). See also pitch.
Term
Slump
Definition
The "wetness" of concrete. A 3 inch slump is dryer and stiffer than a 5 inch slump.
Term
Soffit
Definition
The area below the eaves and overhangs. The underside where the roof overhangs the walls. Usually the underside of an overhanging cornice.
Term
Soil pipe
Definition
A large pipe that carries liquid and solid wastes to a sewer or septic tank.
Term
Soil stack
Definition
A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof.
Term
Sole plate
Definition
The bottom, horizontal framing member of a wall that's attached to the floor sheeting and vertical wall studs.
Term
Solid bridging
Definition
A solid member placed between adjacent floor joists near the center of the span to prevent joists or rafters from twisting.
Term
Sonotube
Definition
Round, large cardboard tubes designed to hold wet concrete in place until it hardens.
Term
Sound attenuation
Definition
Sound proofing a wall or subfloor, generally with fiberglass insulation.
Term
Space heat
Definition
Heat supplied to the living space, for example, to a room or the living area of a building.
Term
Spacing
Definition
The distance between individual members or shingles in building construction.
Term
Span
Definition
The clear distance that a framing member carries a load without support between structural supports. The horizontal distance from eaves to eaves.
Term
Spec home
Definition
A house built before it is sold. The builder speculates that he can sell it at a profit.
Term
Specifications or Specs
Definition
A narrative list of materials, methods, model numbers, colors, allowances, and other details which supplement the information contained in the blue prints. Written elaboration in specific detail about construction materials and methods. Written to supplement working drawings.
Term
Splash block
Definition
Portable concrete (or vinyl) channel generally placed beneath an exterior sill cock (water faucet) or downspout in order to receive roof drainage from downspouts and to divert it away from the building.
Term
Square
Definition
A unit of measure-100 square feet-usually applied to roofing and siding material. Also, a situation that exists when two elements are at right angles to each other. Also a tool for checking this.
Term
Square-tab shingles
Definition
Shingles on which tabs are all the same size and exposure.
Term
Squeegie
Definition
Fine pea gravel used to grade a floor (normally before concrete is placed).
Term
Stack (trusses)
Definition
To position trusses on the walls in their correct location.
Term
Standard practices of the trade(s)
Definition
One of the more common basic and minimum construction standards. This is another way of saying that the work should be done in the way it is normally done by the average professional in the field.
Term
Starter strip
Definition
Asphalt roofing applied at the eaves that provides protection by filling in the spaces under the cutouts and joints of the first course of shingles.
Term
Stair carriage or stringer
Definition
Supporting member for stair treads. Usually a 2 X 12 inch plank notched to receive the treads; sometimes called a "rough horse."
Term
Stair landing
Definition
A platform between flights of stairs or at the termination of a flight of stairs. Often used when stairs change direction. Normally no less than 3 ft. X 3 ft. square.
Term
Stair rise
Definition
The vertical distance from stair tread to stair tread (and not to exceed 7 ½").
Term
Static vent
Definition
A vent that does not include a fan.
Term
STC (Sound Transmission Class)
Definition
The measure of sound stopping of ordinary noise.
Term
Steel inspection
Definition
A municipal and/or engineers inspection of the concrete foundation wall, conducted before concrete is poured into the foundation panels. Done to insure that the rebar (reinforcing bar), rebar nets, void material, beam pocket plates, and basement window bucks are installed and wrapped with rebar and complies with the foundation plan.
Term
Step flashing
Definition
Flashing application method used where a vertical surface meets a sloping roof plane. 6" X 6" galvanized metal bent at a 90 degree angle, and installed beneath siding and over the top of shingles. Each piece overlaps the one beneath it the entire length of the sloping roof (step by step).
Term
Stick built
Definition
A house built without prefabricated parts. Also called conventional building.
Term
Stile
Definition
An upright framing member in a panel door.
Term
Stool
Definition
The flat molding fitted over the window sill between jambs and contacting the bottom rail of the lower sash. Also another name for toilet.
Term
Stop box
Definition
Normally a cast iron pipe with a lid (@ 5" in diameter) that is placed vertically into the ground, situated near the water tap in the yard, and where a water cut-off valve to the home is located (underground). A long pole with a special end is inserted into the curb stop to turn off/on the water.
Term
Stop Order
Definition
A formal, written notification to a contractor to discontinue some or all work on a project for reasons such as safety violations, defective materials or workmanship, or cancellation of the contract.
Term
Stops
Definition
Moldings along the inner edges of a door or window frame. Also valves used to shut off water to a fixture.
Term
Stop valve
Definition
A device installed in a water supply line, usually near a fixture, that permits an individual to shut off the water supply to one fixture without interrupting service to the rest of the system.
Term
Storm sash or storm window
Definition
An extra window usually placed outside of an existing one, as additional protection against cold weather.
Term
Storm sewer
Definition
A sewer system designed to collect storm water and is separated from the waste water system.
Term
Story
Definition
That part of a building between any floor or between the floor and roof.
Term
Strike
Definition
The plate on a door frame that engages a latch or dead bolt.
Term
String, stringer
Definition
A timber or other support for cross members in floors or ceilings. In stairs, the supporting member for stair treads. Usually a 2 X 12 inch plank notched to receive the treads
Term
Strip flooring
Definition
Wood flooring consisting of narrow, matched strips.
Term
Structural floor
Definition
A framed lumber floor that is installed as a basement floor instead of concrete. This is done on very expansive soils.
Term
Stub, stubbed
Definition
To push through.
Term
Stucco
Definition
Refers to an outside plaster finish made with Portland cement as its base.
Term
Stud
Definition
A vertical wood framing member, also referred to as a wall stud, attached to the horizontal sole plate below and the top plate above. Normally 2 X 4's or 2 X 6's, 8' long (sometimes 92 5/8"). One of a series of wood or metal vertical structural members placed as supporting elements in walls and partitions.
Term
Stud framing
Definition
A building method that distributes structural loads to each of a series of relatively lightweight studs. Contrasts with post-and-beam.
Term
Stud shoe
Definition
A metal, structural bracket that reinforces a vertical stud. Used on an outside bearing wall where holes are drilled to accommodate a plumbing waste line.
Term
Subfloor
Definition
The framing components of a floor to include the sill plate, floor joists, and deck sheeting over which a finish floor is to be laid.
Term
Sump
Definition
Pit or large plastic bucket/barrel inside the home designed to collect ground water from a perimeter drain system.
Term
Sump pump
Definition
A submersible pump in a sump pit that pumps any excess ground water to the outside of the home.
Term
Suspended ceiling
Definition
A ceiling system supported by hanging it from the overhead structural framing.
Term
Sway brace
Definition
Metal straps or wood blocks installed diagonally on the inside of a wall from bottom to top plate, to prevent the wall from twisting, racking, or falling over "domino" fashion.
Term
Switch
Definition
A device that completes or disconnects an electrical circuit.
Term
T & G, tongue and groove
Definition
A joint made by a tongue (a rib on one edge of a board) that fits into a corresponding groove in the edge of another board to make a tight flush joint. Typically, the subfloor plywood is T & G.
Term
Tab
Definition
The exposed portion of strip shingles defined by cutouts.
Term
Tail beam
Definition
A relatively short beam or joist supported in a wall on one end and by a header at the other.
Term
Take off
Definition
The material necessary to complete a job.
Term
Taping
Definition
The process of covering drywall joints with paper tape and joint compound.
Term
T bar
Definition
Ribbed, "T" shaped bars with a flat metal plate at the bottom that are driven into the earth. Normally used chain link fence poles, and to mark locations of a water meter pit.
Term
Teco
Definition
Metal straps that are nailed and secure the roof rafters and trusses to the top horizontal wall plate. Sometimes called a hurricane clip.
Term
Tee
Definition
A "T" shaped plumbing fitting.
Term
Tempered
Definition
Strengthened. Tempered glass will not shatter nor create shards, but will "pelletize" like an automobile window. Required in tub and shower enclosures and locations, entry door glass and sidelight glass, and in a windows when the window sill is less than 16" to the floor.
Term
Termites
Definition
Wood eating insects that superficially resemble ants in size and general appearance, and live in colonies.
Term
Termite shield
Definition
A shield, usually of galvanized metal, placed in or on a foundation wall or around pipes to prevent the passage of termites.
Term
Terra cotta
Definition
A ceramic material molded into masonry units.
Term
Thermoply
Definition
Exterior laminated sheathing nailed to the exterior side of the exterior walls. Normally ¼ " thick, 4 X 8 or 4 x 10 sheets with an aluminumized surface.
Term
Thermostat
Definition
A device which relegates the temperature of a room or building by switching heating or cooling equipment on or off.
Term
Three-dimensional shingles
Definition
Laminated shingles. Shingles that have added dimensionality because of extra layers or tabs, giving a shake-like appearance. May also be called "architectural shingles".
Term
Threshold
Definition
The bottom metal or wood plate of an exterior door frame. Generally they are adjustable to keep a tight fit with the door slab.
Term
Time and materials contract
Definition
A construction contract which specifies a price for different elements of the work such as cost per hour of labor, overhead, profit, etc. A contract which may not have a maximum price, or may state a 'price not to exceed'.
Term
Tinner
Definition
Another name for the heating contractor.
Term
Tip up
Definition
The downspout extension that directs water (from the home's gutter system) away from the home. They typically swing up when mowing the lawn, etc.
Term
Title
Definition
Evidence (usually in the form of a certificate or deed) of a person's legal right to ownership of a property.
Term
TJI or TJ
Definition
Manufactured structural building component resembling the letter "I". Used as floor joists and rafters. I-joists include two key parts: flanges and webs. The flange or from of the I joist may be made of laminated veneer lumber or dimensional lumber, usually formed into a 1 ½" width. The web or center of the I-joist is commonly made of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB). Large holes can be cut in the web to accommodate duct work and plumbing waste lines. I-joists are available in lengths up to 60'' long.
Term
Toenailing
Definition
To drive a nail in at a slant. Method used to secure floor joists to the plate.
Term
Top chord
Definition
The upper or top member of a truss.
Term
Top plate
Definition
Top horizontal member of a frame wall supporting ceiling joists, rafters, or other members.
Term
Transmitter (garage door)
Definition
The small, push button device that causes the garage door to open or close.
Term
Trap
Definition
A plumbing fitting that holds water to prevent air, gas, and vermin from backing up into a fixture.
Term
Tread
Definition
The walking surface board in a stairway on which the foot is placed.
Term
Treated lumber
Definition
A wood product which has been impregnated with chemical pesticides such as CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate) to reduce damage from wood rot or insects. Often used for the portions of a structure which are likely to be in contact with soil and water. Wood may also be treated with a fire retardant.
Term
Trim (plumbing, heating, electrical)
Definition
The work that the "mechanical" contractors perform to finish their respective aspects of work, and when the home is nearing completion and occupancy.
Term
Trim- Interior
Definition
The finish materials in a building, such as moldings applied around openings (window trim, door trim) or at the floor and ceiling of rooms (baseboard, cornice, and other moldings). Also, the physical work of installing interior doors and interior woodwork, to include all handrails, guardrails, stair way balustrades, mantles, light boxes, base, door casings, cabinets, countertops, shelves, window sills and aprons, etc. Exterior - The finish materials on the exterior a building, such as moldings applied around openings (window trim, door trim), siding, windows, exterior doors, attic vents, crawl space vents, shutters, etc. Also, the physical work of installing these materials
Term
Trimmer
Definition
The vertical stud that supports a header at a door, window, or other opening.
Term
Truss
Definition
An engineered and manufactured roof support member with "zig-zag" framing members that forms a rigid framework. Does the same job as a rafter but is designed to have a longer span than a rafter.
Term
Tub trap
Definition
Curved, "U" shaped section of a bath tub drain pipe that holds a water seal to prevent sewer gasses from entering the home through tubs water drain.
Term
Turnkey
Definition
A term used when the subcontractor provides all materials (and labor) for a job.
Term
Turpentine
Definition
A petroleum, volatile oil used as a thinner in paints and as a solvent in varnishes
Term
UL (Underwriters' Laboratories)
Definition
An independent testing agency that checks electrical devices and other components for possible safety hazards.
Term
Undercoat
Definition
A coating applied prior to the finishing or top coats of a paint job. It may be the first of two or the second of three coats. Sometimes called the Prime coat.
Term
Underground plumbing
Definition
The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath a basement floor.
Term
Underlayment
Definition
A 1/4" material placed over the subfloor plywood sheeting and under finish coverings, such as vinyl flooring, to provide a smooth, even surface. Also a secondary roofing layer that is waterproof or water-resistant, installed on the roof deck and beneath shingles or other roof-finishing layer.
Term
Union
Definition
A plumbing fitting that joins pipes end-to-end so they can be dismantled.
Term
Utility easement
Definition
The area of the earth that has electric, gas, or telephone lines. These areas may be owned by the homeowner, but the utility company has the legal right to enter the area as necessary to repair or service the lines.
Term
Valley
Definition
The "V" shaped area of a roof where two sloping roofs meet. Water drains off the roof at the valleys.
Term
Valley flashing
Definition
Sheet metal that lays in the "V" area of a roof valley.
Term
Valuation
Definition
An inspection carried out for the benefit of the mortgage lender to ascertain if a property is a good security for a loan.
Term
Valuation fee
Definition
The fee paid by the prospective borrower for the lender's inspection of the property. Normally paid upon loan application.
Term
Vapor barrier
Definition
A building product installed on exterior walls and ceilings under the drywall and on the warm side of the insulation. It is used to retard the movement of water vapor into walls and prevent condensation within them. Normally, polyethylene plastic sheeting is used.
Term
Variable rate
Definition
An interest rate that will vary over the term of the loan.
Term
Veneer
Definition
Extremely thin sheets of wood. Also a thin slice of wood or brick or stone covering a framed wall.
Term
Vent
Definition
A pipe or duct which allows the flow of air and gasses to the outside. Also, another word for the moving glass part of a window sash, i.e. window vent.
Term
Vermiculite
Definition
A mineral used as bulk insulation and also as aggregate in insulating and acoustical plaster and in insulating concrete floors.
Term
Veterans Administration (VA)
Definition
A federal agency that insures mortgage loans with very liberal down payment requirements for honorably discharged veterans and their surviving spouses.
Term
Visqueen
Definition
A 4 mil or 6 mil plastic sheeting.
Term
Void
Definition
Cardboard rectangular boxes that are installed between the earth (between caissons) and the concrete foundation wall. Used when expansive soils are present.
Term
Voltage
Definition
A measure of electrical potential. Most homes are wired with 110 and 220 volt lines. The 110 volt power is used for lighting and most of the other circuits. The 220 volt power is usually used for the kitchen range, hot water heater and dryer.
Term
Wafer board
Definition
A manufactured wood panel made out of 1"- 2" wood chips and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior wall and roof sheathing.
Term
Wainscot
Definition
The lower part of an interior wall finished with material different than the upper half.
Term
Walk-Through
Definition
A final inspection of a home before "Closing" to look for and document problems that need to be corrected.
Term
Wall out
Definition
When a painter pray paints the interior of a home.
Term
Warping
Definition
Any distortion in a material.
Term
Warranty
Definition
In construction there are two general types of warranties. One is provided by the manufacturer of a product such as roofing material or an appliance. The second is a warranty for the labor. For example, a roofing contract may include a 20 year material warranty and a 5 year labor warranty. Many new homebuilders provide a one year warranty. Any major issue found during the first year should be communicated to the builder immediately. Small items can be saved up and presented to the builder for correction periodically through the first year after closing.
Term
Waste pipe and vent
Definition
Plumbing plastic pipe that carries waste water to the municipal sewage system.
Term
Water board
Definition
Water resistant drywall to be used in tub and shower locations. Normally green or blue colored
Term
Water closet
Definition
Another name for toilet.
Term
Water meter pit (or vault)
Definition
The box /cast iron bonnet and concrete rings that contains the water meter.
Term
Water-repellent preservative
Definition
A liquid applied to wood to give the wood water repellant properties
Term
Water table
Definition
The location of the underground water, and the vertical distance from the surface of the earth to this underground water.
Term
Water tap
Definition
The connection point where the home water line connects to the main municipal water system.
Term
Watt
Definition
A measure of the electrical requirement of an appliance calculated by multiplying the voltage times the amperage. For example: a 150 watt light bulb which uses 110 volt power needs a little less than 1 amp (110 volts X 1 amp= 110 watts).
Term
W C
Definition
An abbreviation for water closet (toilet).
Term
Weatherization
Definition
Work on a building exterior in order to reduce energy consumption for heating or cooling. Work involving adding insulation, installing storm windows and doors, caulking cracks and putting on weather-stripping.
Term
Weatherstrip
Definition
Narrow sections of thin metal or other material installed to prevent the infiltration of air and moisture around windows and doors.
Term
Weep holes
Definition
Small holes in storm window frames that allow moisture to escape.
Term
Whole house fan
Definition
A fan designed to move air through and out of a home and normally installed in the ceiling.
Term
Wind bracing
Definition
Metal straps or wood blocks installed diagonally on the inside of a wall from bottom to top plate, to prevent the wall from twisting, racking, or falling over "domino" fashion.
Term
Window buck
Definition
Square or rectangular box that is installed within a concrete foundation or block wall. A window will eventually be installed in this "buck" during the siding stage of construction
Term
Window frame
Definition
The stationary part of a window unit; window sash fits into the window frame.
Term
Window sash
Definition
The operating or movable part of a window; the sash is made of window panes and their border.
Term
Wire nut
Definition
Aplastic device used to connect bare wires together.
Term
Wonderboard
Definition
A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as a ceramic tile backing material. Commonly used on bathtub decks.
Term
Wrapped drywall
Definition
Areas that get complete drywall covering, as in the doorway openings of bifold and bipass closet doors.
Term
Y
Definition
A "Y" shaped plumbing fitting.
Term
Yard of concrete
Definition
One cubic yard of concrete is 3' X 3' X 3' in volume, or 27 cubic feet. One cubic yard of concrete will pour 80 square feet of 3 ½" sidewalk or basement/garage floor.
Term
Yoke
Definition
The location where a home's water meter is sometimes installed between two copper pipes, and located in the water meter pit in the yard.
Term
Z-bar flashing
Definition
Bent, galvanized metal flashing that's installed above a horizontal trim board of an exterior window, door, or brick run. It prevents water from getting behind the trim/brick and into the home.
Term
Zone
Definition
The section of a building that is served by one heating or cooling loop because it has noticeably distinct heating or cooling needs. Also, the section of property that will be watered from a lawn sprinkler system.
Term
Zone valve
Definition
A device, usually placed near the heater or cooler, which controls the flow of water or steam to parts of the building; it is controlled by a zone thermostat.
Term
Zoning
Definition
A governmental process and specification which limits the use of a property e.g. single family use, high rise residential use, industrial use, etc. Zoning laws may limit where you can locate a structure. Also see building codes.
Term
A/C
Definition
"An abbreviation for air conditioner or air conditioning."
Term
A/C Condenser
Definition
"The outside fan unit of the Air Conditioning system. It removes the heat from the freon gas and "turns" the gas back into a liquid and pumps the liquid back to the coil in the furnace."
Term
A/C Disconnect
Definition
"The main electrical ON-OFF switch near the A/C Condenser."
Term
Aerator
Definition
The round screened screw-on tip of a sink spout. It mixes water and air for a smooth flow.
Term
Aggregate
Definition
A mixture of sand and stone and a major component of concrete.
Term
Air space
Definition
The area between insulation facing and interior of exterior wall coverings. Normally a 1" air gap.
Term
Allowance(s)
Definition
A sum of money set aside in the construction contract for items which have not been selected and specified in the construction contract. For example, selection of tile as a flooring may require an allowance for an underlayment material, or an electrical allowance which sets aside an amount of money to be spent on electrical fixtures.
Term
Amortization
Definition
A payment plan by which a loan is reduced through monthly payments of principal and interest.
Term
Anchor bolts
Definition
A Bolt, usually J-shaped, that is set into freshly cast concrete with the threaded end projecting above the surface to secure a wooden sill plate to concrete, or masonry floor or wall.
Term
Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
Definition
Annual cost of credit over the life of a loan, including interest, service charges, points, loan fees, mortgage insurance, and other items.
Term
Appraisal
Definition
An expert valuation of property.
Term
Apron
Definition
A trim board that is installed beneath a window sill
Term
Architect
Definition
One who has completed a course of study in building and design, and is licensed by the state as an architect. One who draws up plans.
Term
Area wells
Definition
Corrugated metal or concrete barrier walls installed around a basement window to hold back the earth
Term
Assessment
Definition
A tax levied on a property, or a value placed on the worth of a property.
Term
Assumption
Definition
Allows a buyer to assume responsibility for an existing loan instead of getting a new loan.
Term
Astragal
Definition
A molding, attached to one of a pair of swinging double doors, against which the other door strikes.
Term
Attic access
Definition
An opening that is placed in the drywalled ceiling of a home providing access to the attic.
Term
Attic Ventilators
Definition
In houses, screened openings provided to ventilate an attic space.
Term
Back
Definition
Charge Billings for work performed or costs incurred by one party that, in accordance with the agreement, should have been performed or incurred by the party to whom billed. Owners bill back charges to general contractors, and general contractors bill back charges to subcontractors. Examples of back charges include charges for cleanup work or to repair something damaged by another subcontractor, such as a tub chip or broken window.
Term
Backfill
Definition
The replacement of excavated earth, or gravel, into a trench around or against a basement / crawl space foundation wall.
Term
Backing
Definition
Frame lumber installed between the wall studs to give additional support for drywall or an interior trim related item, such as handrail brackets, cabinets, and towel bars. In this way, items are screwed and mounted into solid wood rather than weak drywall that may allow the item to break loose from the wall. Carpet backing holds the pile fabric in place.
Term
Backout
Definition
Work the framing contractor does after the mechanical subcontractors (Heating-Plumbing-Electrical) finish their phase of work at the Rough (before insulation) stage to get the home ready for a municipal frame inspection. Generally, the framing contractor repairs anything disturbed by others and completes all framing necessary to pass a Rough Frame Inspection.
Term
Ballast
Definition
A transformer that steps up the voltage in a florescent lamp.
Term
Balloon
Definition
A loan that has a series of monthly payments with the remaining balance due in a large lump sum payment at the end.
Term
Balloon framed wall
Definition
Framed walls (generally over 10' tall) that run the entire vertical length from the floor sill plate to the roof. This is done to eliminate the need for a gable end truss.
Term
Balustrade
Definition
The rail, posts and vertical balusters along the edge of a stairway or elevated walkway.
Term
Barge
Definition
Horizontal beam rafter that supports shorter rafters.
Term
Barge board
Definition
A decorative board covering the projecting rafter (fly rafter) of the gable end. At the cornice, this member is a fascia board.
Term
Base or baseboard
Definition
A trim board placed against the wall around the room next to the floor.
Term
Basement window inserts
Definition
The window frame and glass unit that is installed in the window buck.
Term
Base shoe
Definition
Molding used next to the floor on interior base board. Sometimes called a carpet strip.
Term
Permit
Definition

A governmental municipal authorization to perform a building process as in:

  • Zoning / Use permit - Authorization to use a property for a specific use e.g. a garage, a single family residence etc.
  • Demolition permit - Authorization to tear down and remove an existing structure.
  • Grading permit - Authorization to change the contour of the land.
  • Septic permit - A health department authorization to build or modify a septic system.
  • Building permit - Authorization to build or modify a structure.
  • Electrical permit - A separate permit required for most electrical work.
  • Plumbing permit - A separate permit required for new plumbing and larger modifications of existing plumbing systems.

 

Term
Plate
Definition

Normally a 2 X 4 or 2 X 6 that lays horizontally within a framed structure, such as:

  • Sill plate - A horizontal member anchored to a concrete or masonry wall.
  • Sole plate - Bottom horizontal member of a frame wall.
  • Top plate - Top horizontal member of a frame wall supporting ceiling joists, rafters, or other members.

 

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