Term
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Definition
| The extent to which the observed effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are real and not caused by extraneous factors |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to generalize study results to other groups and settings beyond those in the current study |
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Term
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Definition
An event occuring between pretest and posttest other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable
The best way a researcher can control for the history effect is to use a control group that was not exposed to the event
An event occuring between pretest and posttest other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable
The best way a researcher can control for the history effect is to use a control group that was not exposed to the event |
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Term
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Definition
Changes that occur in subjects because of time that has elapsed
A control group would eliminate this problem |
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Term
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Definition
Differences seen form baseline to posttest.
Use of a control group that does not recieve any pretesting. |
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Term
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Definition
Things used to collect data in the study.
Using well-designed instruments. |
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Term
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Definition
When individuals are selected in a nonrandom manner.
Recruiting volunteers and then randomly assigning them to groups, pretesting groups on measures of the dependent variable,or matching participants on selected characteristic and then randomly assigning them to groups. |
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Term
| Selection Maturation Effect |
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Definition
Using intact groups that vary in their maturation level.
Pretesting and/or prescreening groups on maturity levels. |
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Term
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Definition
Participants are selected on the basis of their extremely high or low scores.
Study could be designed to follow a random sample of individuals who represent the full range of qualities. |
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Term
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Definition
Participants my be lost due to death, drop out, move, etc.
Document and analyze the data and determine if the group makeup has changed by the end of study. |
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Term
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Definition
Participants attitudes about being invlolved in the study make then behave differently.
Use a control group that is provided with some type of special treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
Participants expectations effecting outcome rather than by any provided treatment.
Give both the control group and the experiment groups the same information so that they would have similar expectations. |
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Term
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Definition
Treatment being applied to one group spills over or contaminates another group.
Use very similar group that are located away from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
Differences in the location where interventions take place.
Make the locations the same for all participants. |
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Term
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Definition
Inadvertently introducing inequality or bias into the study.
Have someone present the study that is neutral on the subject. |
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Term
| Selection Treatment Interaction |
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Definition
A threat that concerns the ability of a researcer to generalize the results of a study beyond the groups involved.
Random selection of participants within the groups can help with this threat |
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Term
| Setting treatment Interaction |
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Definition
The extent to which the environmental conditions or setting under which an experimental study was conducted can be duplicated in other settings.
The researcher must try to best recreate the experiment in the same surrounding and settings. |
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Term
| History Treatment Interaction |
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Definition
When the researcher tries to generalize findings to past and future situations.
Researchers should realize that some experiments may be time-sensitive and conduct the research around the same time as before. |
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