The Causatum of War

Jared Pangelinan

Mr. Brown

English 2 Period2

28 May 2013 

PH Readings

Hiroshima                                                PHJH= 4

Losses                                                  PHRJL=  3

The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner   PHRJD= 3

JSTOR

Mark Twain on Patriotism, Treason, and War      JSTORMT= 6

"From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland: John Hersey' "Hiroshima"      JSTORJH= 6 

Randall Jarrell's Answerable Style: Revision of Elegy in "The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner." Texas Studies in Literature and Language.       JSTORRJ=4 

Product

The Pacific War Memorial Association                 PWMA= 5

Social Justice

Microconflict                                           MC= 13

Huckleberyy Finn

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn        HF=15

PHJH 1

Hersey, John. “Hiroshima.” The American Express. 

Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. 2000. 1036-1043. Print.

Print. 

Experiences                                                   PH 1

To show the experiences of the war on Japanese soil was and how it affected them.

Print. 

PHJH 2

S                                                                    Print.

Death                                                         PHJH 2

She lived in the Nobori-cho section and had three children: Toshio, Yaeko, and Myeko.

S                                                                    Print.

PHJH 3

S                                                                    Print.

Personality                                                 PHJH 3 

He was a small man with a great personality, but all that changed when he heard several announcements that made him uneasy

S                                                                    Print. 

PHJH 4

S                                                                    Print.

Doctor                                                       PHJH 4

He was a proprietor of a Japanese institution; a private, single doctor hospital. He had 30 rooms for patients and kinsfolk.

S                                                                    Print.

PHRJL 1

Jarrell, Randall. “Losses.” The American

Express. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. 2000. 1044. Print. 

Print.

War                                                         PHRJL 1

To have a description of what happened during the war and the atmosphere that surrounded them. 

Print.

 PHRJH 2

DQ                                                                 Print.

Death                                                       PHRJH 2

It was not dying: everybody died. 
It was not dying: we had died before / In the routine crashes-- and our fields / Called up the papers, wrote home to our folks, / And the rates rose, all because of us  

DQ                                                                 Print. 

PHRJL 3

DQ                                                                 Print.

Killing                                                     PHRJL 3

The people we had killed and never seen. When we lasted long enough they gave us medals; When we died they said, 'Our casualties are low

DQ                                                                 Print. 

PHRJD 1

Jarrell, Randall. “The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner.”

The American Express. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. 2000. 1036-1043. Print.

Print.

Crushed                                                   PHRJD 1

To understand the enviroment that surrounded them and what the duties were.

Print.

PHRJD 2

S                                                                    Print.

Turret Gunner                                         PHRJD 2

The theme of this poem is the gunner, in which he only does what he is told.

S                                                                    Print.

PHRJD 3

DQ                                                                 Print.

Flak                                                         PHRJD 3

Six miles from earth, loosed from its dream of life, I woke to black flak and the nightmare fighters. When I died they washed me out of the turret with a hose

DQ                                                                 Print. 

JSTORMT 1

Denton, L.W. "Mark Twain on Patriotism, Treason, and War." 

JSTOR. JSTOR, n.d. Web. 3 May 2013

Print.

Writng                                               JSTORMT 1

To show that authors' writings can be affected by war.

Print.

JSTORMT 2

Print.

Patriotism                                          JSTORMT 2

To understand what a patriot is and a traitor is 

Print.

JSTORMT 3 

Print.

Morality                                            JSTORMT 3

To learn about the morality of a person and to learn integrity of a person

Print.

JSTORMT 4

Print.

Effects                                               JSTORMT 4

To understand how war and patriotism affects a person.

Print.

JSTORMT 5

Web.

Patriotism                                          JSTORMT 5

To understand what it takes to be more of a patriot.

Web.

JSTORMT 6

Web.

JSTORMT 6

To gain an understanding of how Mark Twain was in battle. 

Web.

JSTORJH 1

Sharp, Patrick B. "From Yellow Peril to Japanese

Wasteland: John Hersey's "Hiroshima" 46.4 (2000): 434-452. JSTOR. Web. 20 May 2013 

DQ                                                                 Web.

Awakening                                          JSTORJH 1

Hersey showed the world "what one [atomic] bomb did to people as dis-tinct from a city, the Japanese people or the enemy" (qtd. in Luft and Wheeler 137).

DQ                                                                 Web.

Web.

JSTORJH 2

DQ                                                                 Web.

Fear                                                     JSTORJH 2

Using the "wasteland" imagery of literary modernism, Hersey encapsulated for his American audience the horror of the atomic bomb within a familiar framework.  

DQ                                                                 Web.

JSTORJH 3

DQ                                                                 Web.

Debates                                               JSTORJH 3

American culture was engulfed in debates about the meaning of the atomic bomb. American newspapers, magazines, films, and radio programs were littered with representations of this new ultimate weapon, as Americans tried to make sense out of what this new technology really meant. 

DQ                                                                 Web.

JSTORJH 4

DQ                                                                 Web.

Theories                                              JSTORJH 4

Part of the answer to this question becomes evident when we look at the half-century before the atomic bomb was realized. As recent theories of genre have shown us, new discourses do not emerge out of thin air; rather, they draw on preexisting discursive structures to make sense of some new situation.  

DQ                                                                 Web.

JSTORJH 5

DQ                                                                 Web.

Genre                                                  JSTORJH 5

Yet both the government and the public had access to one preexisting genre that had in fact predicted the atomic bomb and given it a name. The genre was known as science fiction. 

DQ                                                                 Web.

JSTORJH 6

DQ                                                                 Web.

Science Fiction                                   JSTORJH 6

Science-fiction representations of the atomic bomb developed out of the future-war-story genre that became popular in the late nineteenth century.  

DQ                                                                 Web.

JSTORRJ 1

Cyr, Marc D. Randall Jarrell's Answerable Style:

Revision of Elegy in "The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner." Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 46.1 (2004): 92-106. JSTOR. Web. 20 May 2013.

Web.

Style                                                    JSTORRJ 1

In "The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner," Jarrell is engaged in a similar project of revising, indeed rejecting the style and ethic of a traditional genre, elegy, to make his poetry more adequately address and render the conditions of twentieth-century life in general, and twentieth-century war in particular. 

DQ                                                                 Web.

JSTORRJ 2

DQ                                                                 Web.

Consolation                                         JSTORRJ 2

Elegies traditionally have offered to their readers some form of consolation for a particular death and often, by extension, for death itself. If, as Peter M. Sacks puts it, ". . . mourning is an action, a process of work" (19), traditional elegies are a part of that process, allowing mourners to find solace in the transcendence or transfiguration and persistence of the elegiac subject.  

DQ                                                                 Web. 

JSTORRJ 3

DQ                                                                 Web.

Modern Era                                         JSTORRJ 3

But Jahan Ramazani argues that the modern era produces a revolution in elegy. He sees most good modern elegies as being "not a guide to 'successful' mourning" (ix), but "melancholic," "mourning that is unresolved, violent, and ambivalent" (4). 

DQ                                                                 Web.

JSTORRJ 4

DQ                                                                 Web.

Transgressive                                      JSTORRJ 4

Further citing Derrida and others, he argues that in perceiving something as violating a form, we simultaneously perceive the form that is being violated: The new form is embedded in various ways, sometimes by noteworthy absence of traditional elements. Such transgressive reference is central to "The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner," and Jarrell uses Percy Bysshe Shelley's elegy for John Keats, "Adonais," for this purpose 

DQ                                                                 Web.

PWMA 1

"History of Pacific War Memorial Project." The Pacific War Memorial

Association, Iwo Jima Memorial. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2013.

Print.

Demogrpah                                             PWMA 1

To learn the demograph of the places of where the battles took place.

Print.

PWMA 2

Print.

Events                                                     PWMA 2

To understand what happened in the battle.

Print.

PWMA 3

Print.

Inventory                                                PWMA 3

To know what kind of inventory each party had (tanks, boats, etc.)

Print.

PWMA 4

Print.

Enviroment                                             PWMA 4

What the enviroment of the places were like.

Print. 

PWMA 5

Print.

Aftermath                                               PWMA 5

To know what the enviroment looked like after the battle

Print.

MC 1

Justino, Patricia. "MicroCon." Microconflict.eu. N.p., Aug. 2010. Web. 9

May 2013.

DQ                                                                 Web.

Poverty                                                          MC 1

Civil wars have become the most common form of violent conflict in the world. Civil wars impact substantially on economic development and the living conditions of local populations at the time of the conflict and for many years thereafter. 

DQ                                                                 Web. 

MC 2

DQ                                                                 Web.

Effects                                                           MC 2

Research on the economic causes of civil wars has focused on the interplay of conflicting interests between governments and opposing group(s), while studies on its consequences have concentrated on the costs that wars impose on countries.

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 3

DQ                                                                 Web.

Outbreal                                                        MC 3

Recently, this perspective has come under criticism due to insufficient consideration paid to the role of local dynamic processes on the outbreak and duration of civil wars (see Kalyvas, Shapiro and Masoud 2007), or the impact of armed conflicts on the livelihood choices and human capital of individuals and households affected by violence (see Justino 2009). 

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 4

DQ                                                                 Web.

Causes                                                           MC 4

Recent research on the causes of violent conflict at the micro-level has started to shed light on some of the complex causes of violence, while the last few years have witnessed an increased focus on the consequences of armed conflict on individuals, households and communities (see Verwimp, Justino and Brück 2009). 

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 5

DQ                                                                 Web.

Financial Aid                                                MC 5

Although the outbreak and impact of war is known to depend on several financial and political factors, the onset, duration and magnitude of the impact of civil wars are also closely related to what happens to people during violent conflicts and to what people do in areas of violence – including fighting – to secure livelihoods, economic survival, physical security and their social networks. 

DQ                                                                 Web. 

MC 6

DQ                                                                 Web.

Nature                                                           MC 6

The nature and extent of these choices depends in turn on how individuals and households relate to changes in social norms and forms of institutional organization during civil wars.

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 7

DQ                                                                 Web.

War                                                               MC 7

Civil war has been identified as one of the main causes for the persistence of poverty in many regions of the world (Collier 2007): war damages infrastructure, institutions and production, destroys assets, breaks up communities and networks and kills and injuries people.

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 8

DQ                                                                 Web.

Effects                                                           MC 8

Warfare has been shown to affect physical and human capital thresholds of individuals and households through killings, injury, looting, robbery, abductions and overall destruction associated with fighting that leads to the breakdown of households, the loss of assets and livelihoods and the displacement of individuals and families (and often entire communities).

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 9

DQ                                                                 Web.

Emergencies                                                 MC 9

Development economics literature has concentrated on explaining the emergence of poverty traps through threshold mechanisms: households will be trapped in poverty if they cannot engage in productive activities that lead to the accumulation of physical and human capital beyond critical thresholds.

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 10

DQ                                                                 Web.

Destruction                                                 MC 10

During violent conflicts assets get lost or destroyed through fighting and looting. These include houses, land, labour, utensils, cattle, livestock and other productive assets (Brück 2001, Bundervoet and Verwimp 2005, Gonzalez and Lopez 2007, Shemyakina 2006, Verpoorten 2009). The destruction of productive assets affects the access of individuals and households to important sources of livelihood, which may in turn severely affect their productive capacity and damage their economic position. Those that face sudden losses of land, houses, cattle and other assets will be left without means of earning a living or providing food and shelter for their members. Such losses will impact significantly on the ability of affected households to recover their economic and social position in post-conflict settings (Justino and Verwimp 2006, Verpoorten 2009).

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 11

DQ                                                                 Web.

Price                                                            MC 11

In particular, changes in the price of staple goods and other crops farmed are of key importance for rural household decisions (Singh, Squire and Strauss 1986). Empirical evidence on price effects of armed conflict is however very scarce. Recent studies have shown evidence for an increase in prices of staple food during conflicts due to the scarcity of goods, the destruction of land, seeds and crops and the risks associated with market exchanges during violent outbreaks (Verpoorten 2009, Bundervoet 2006). This price increase will benefit households that are net producers of the staple good, but may harm those (the majority) that are net consumers.

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 12

DQ                                                                 Web.

Armed Forces                                             MC 12

Employment markets are also likely to be affected by war. Ibáñez and Moya (2006) find that households displaced by the Colombian conflict, who previously relied on agriculture income, were only slowly absorbed into urban labour markets. Unemployment rates soared from 1.7 percent to more than 50 percent during the first three months of displacement. Unemployment rates declined to 16.1 percent after one year of displacement, but even then displaced households fared worse than their urban poor counterparts. Some of these effects are due to difficulties in integration caused by lack of appropriate skills needed to pursue employment in the urban sector, the destruction of social networks, and the discrimination and fear of displaced and refugee population, sometimes perceived as being linked to armed groups.

DQ                                                                 Web.

MC 13

DQ                                                                 Web. 

Results                                                        MC 13

Wars result in deaths, injuries, disability and psychological trauma of men, women and children. These outcomes of violence may often be enough to push previously vulnerable households below critical wealth thresholds (particularly amongst household with widows, orphans and disabled individuals), which may well become insurmountable if the household is unable to replace labour or capital (Beegle 2005, Berlage, Verpoorten and Verwimp 2003, Donovan et al. 2003, Justino and Verwimp 2006, Brück and Schindler 2007, Verwimp and Bundervoet 2008), and may last across generations if education and health outcomes of children is significant.

DQ                                                                 Web.

HF 1

Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Bantam,

1981. Print.        

S                                                                    Print.

Journey                                                           HF 1

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a story about the journey of a young boy named Huckleberry Finn, and his encounters he faces in his journey. 

S                                                                    Print.

HF 2

S                                                                    Print.

Sequel                                                            HF 2

It starts right off the bat after the conclusion of its predecessor, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Huck is living with the Widow Douglass and is adjust to her rules and regulations.

S                                                                    Print. 

HF 3

S                                                                    Print.

Tom Sawyer                                                   HF 3

 He does not like the new atmosphere, but "takes one for the team" at Tom Sawyer's, his best friend, request. He must act respectable in order to be in Tom's new gang of robbers

S                                                                    Print.

HF 4

S                                                                    Print.

Pap                                                                 HF 4

From the previous book, Huck Finn has the money that he had found in the cave with Tom Sawyer. Because of this, Huck's father, Pap, returns to acquire Huck's share of the treasure. Instead, Huck gives it to Judge Thatcher to Pap's chargin.

S                                                                    Print.

                HF 5

S                                                                    Print.

Lessons                                                          HF 5

Pap decides to kidnap Huck back and lock him up inside the cabin. 

S                                                                    Print.

HF 6

S                                                                    Print.

HF 6

Huck decides to run away and while he runs, he encounters Miss Watson's slave, Jim. 

S                                                                    Print.

HF 7

S                                                                    Print.

HF 7

He and Jim decide to team up and try to survive together. While they set up camp, a storms rolls in and they find and steal the raft and journey down the Mississippi River.

S                                                                    Print.

HF 8

S                                                                    Print.

Encounter                                                       HF 8

As they travel down the Mississippi River, they encounter and met many people, including the Grangerfords, the duke and dauphin, and the Wilks.

S                                                                    Print.

HF 9

S                                                                    Print.

Change                                                           HF 9

At the beginning of the book, Huck knows about slavery as much as a baby knows how to speak. He doesn't really know many things except that only African Americans and the minororites are slaves, not caucasians

S                                                                    Print.

HF 10

S                                                                    Print.

Companion                                                  HF 10

As the story progresses, he does not see Jim as a slave, but as an acquaintance and a friend.  

S                                                                    Print.

HF 11

S                                                                    Print.

HF 11

When Huck is with the duke and dauphin, the duck and dauphin sell Jim to a farm as a scam. 

S                                                                    Print.

HF 12

S                                                                    Print.

HF 12

When Huck hears that Jim has been sold, he becomes flustered and wants to find a way to help Jim escape the farm. 

S                                                                    Print.

HF 13

S                                                                    Print.

HF 13

When he arrives at the farm where Jim is, it turns out that the people who are holding Jim are none other than Tom's aunt and uncle.  

S                                                                    Print.

HF 14

S                                                                    Print.

HF 14

After he intercepts Tom, Tom hatches a plan to help Jim escape. As they escape with Jim, Tom is shot. The next morning, Tom awakens inside the farmhouse and Jim is back in chains. Tom reveals Jim has been free because Miss Watson had died.  

S                                                                    Print.

HF 15

DQ                                                                 Print.

Family                                                          HF 15

He was thinking about his wife and his children, away up yonder, and he was low and homesick; because he hadn't ever been away from home before in his life; and I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks does for their'n. 

DQ                                                                 Print.