C

702.  Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means...  

a) intepreting the results in the simplest way

b) interpreting the results in the most compelx manner

c) interpreting the results using a correlation coefficient

d) interpreting the results using a clinical interview

A

703. Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters...

a) interpret the results in the simplest manner

b) interpret the results in the most complex mnner

c) interpret the results using a correlation coefficient

d) interpret the results using a clinical interview

A

704. A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling.  Unbeknownst to the experimenter, one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist.  This experiment...

a) is parsimonious

b) is an example of Occam's Razor

c) is confounded/flawed.

d) is valid and will most likely help the field of counseling

C

705. Nondirective is to person-centered as...

a) psychological testing is to counseling

b) confounding is to experimenting

c) appraisal is to research

d) parsimony is to Occam's Razor

D

706.  Anexperiment is said to be confounded when...

a) undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment

b) undesirable variables are kept out of the experiment

c) basic research is used in place of applied research

d) the sample is random

A

707.  In experimental terminology, IV stands for ______ and DV stands for ______

a) independent variable; dependent variable

b) dependent variable; independent variable

c) individual variable; dependent variable

d) independent variable; designer variable

A

708.  A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams.  If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment, the IV will be the _____, and the DV will be the _____.

a) professor; anxiety level

b) anxiety level; board exam score

c) biofeedback; board exam score

d) board exam score; biofeedback

C

709. Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the...

a) DV

b) dependent variable

c) the variable you will measure to determine the outcome

d) IV or independent variable

D

710. In order for the professor of counselor education (see question 708) to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) _____ and a(n) _____.

a) biofeedback group; systematic desensitization group

b) control group; systematic desensitization group

c) control group; experimental group

d) at least 60 subjects in the control group; at least 60 subjects in the experimental group

C

711. In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggest in question 708, the experimental group would need to receive...

a) the manipulated IV

b) the biofeedback training

c) a and b

d) the organismic IV

C

712. Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of...

a) Hoppock

b) Freud

c) Lloyd Morgan

d) R.A. Fisher

D

713. The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference b/t the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus, if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that...

a) alls tudents receiving biofeedback training would score equally well on the board exam

b) systematic desensitization might work better than biofeedback

c) biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores

d) meta-analysis is required

C

714. The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident b/t the control group (i.e. the group receiving the IV). Thus, if the experiment in question 708 were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that...  

a) the biofeedback would raise board scores

b) the control group wills core better on the board exam

c) there will be no difference b/t the experimental and control groups

d) the experiment has been confounded

A

715. Form a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the research will need...

a) a correlation coefficient

b) only descriptive statistics

c) percentile rank

d) a test of significance

D

716. When you see the letter P in relaiton to a test of significance, it means...

a) portion

b) population parameter

c) probability

d) the researcher is using an ethnographic qualitative approach

C

717. In the social sciences, the accepted probability level is usually...

a) 0.5 or less

b) 1.0 or higher

c) .0001 or less

d) 5.0

A

718. P=.05 really means that...

a) five subjects were not included in the study.

b) there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.

c) the level of significance is 0.1.

d) no level of significance has been set.

B

719. P=0.5 really means that...

a) differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times

b) differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 99 out of 100 times

c) there is a 95% error factor

d) there is a 10% error factor

A

720. The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P = ...

a) .05

b) .01

c) .001

d) .08

C

721. Type I and Type II errors are called ______ and ______ respectively.

a) beta; alpha

b) .01; .05

c) a and b

d) alpha; beta

D

722. A Type I error occurs when...

a) you have a beta error

b) you accept null when it is false

c) you reject null when it is true

d) you fail to use a test of significance

C

723. A Type II error...

a) is also called a beta error

b) means you reject null when it is applicable

c) means you accept null when it is false

d) a and c

D

724. Assume the experiment in question 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case.  The research has made a ...

a) Type I error

b) Type II error

c) beta error

d) b and c

A

725. A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment.  This will...

a) confound the experiment in early every case

b) raise the probability of Type I and Type II errors

c) have virtually no impact on Type I and Type II errors

d) reduce Type I and Type II errors

D

726. If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, then...

a) alpha and beta errors will increase

b) alpha errors increase but beta errors decrease

c) alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase

d) this will have no impact on Type I and Type II errors

C

727. A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training whiel a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize...

a) the student's t test

b) a correlation coefficient

c) a survey

d) an analysis of variance or ANOVA

A

728. The researcher in question 727 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertivenes training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would...

a) be the mean

b) be the t test

c) be the two-way ANOVA

d) be the ANOVA

D

729. If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be...

a) the median

b) the t test

c) the two-way ANOVA or MANOVA

d) the ANOVA

C

730. To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would...

a)consult the mode

b) consult a table for t values

c) consult a table for F vlues

d) compute the chi-square

C

731. Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors?

a) .05

b) .01

c) .2

d) .001

D

732. When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured. In cases such as this a correlation coefficient will reveal...

a) the relationship b/t IQ and panic disorder

b) the probability that a significant difference exists

c) an F test

d) percentile rank

A

733. If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be...

a) positive

b) negative

c) 0.00

d) impossible to ascertain

A

734. Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?

a) IQ and salary

b) ICD diagnosis and salary

c) length in inches and length in centimeters

d) height and weight

C

735. A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their NCE scores the result would be...

a) be close to 0.00

b) be close to a perfect 1.00

c) be close to a perfect negative correlation of -1.00

d) be about +.70

A

736. Dr X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because...

a) systematic desensitization is clearly not a behavioral strategy

b) this can only be determind via a histogram

c) the study suffers from longitudinal and maturational effects

d) correlation does not imply causal

D

737. Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to...

a) consult a random number table

b) decide on a nonparametric statistical test

c) take a baseline measure

d) compute the range

C

738. In a new study the client do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a...

a) double-blind study

b) single-blind study

c) baselin for an intensive N=1 design

d) participant observer model

B

739. A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive teh new therapy. Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This was a...

a) double-blind study

b) single-blind study

c) typical AB design

d) case of correlational research

A

740. Experimental is to caues and effect as correlational is to...

a) blind study

b) double-blind study

c) N=1 study

d) degree of relationship

D

741. In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpiont the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician K.F. Gauss) looks like...

a) a symmetrical bell

b) the top half of a bowling ball

c) the top half of a hot dog

d) a mountain which is leaning toward the left

A

742. The most comon measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode. The mode is...

a) the most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency

b) always 10% less than the mean

c) the arithmetic average

d) the middle score in the distribution of scores

A

743. A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e., most frequently occurring scores). Graphically this looks roughly like...

a) a symmetrical bell-shaped curve

b) a camel's back with two humps

c) the top half of a bowling ball

d) a mountain which is leaning toward the left

B

744. In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the...

a) mean

b) median

c) mode

d) range

C

745. The most useful measure of central tendency is the...

a) mean often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it

b) median often abbreviated by Md. or Mdn

c) mode often abbreviated by Mo

d) point of maximum concentration

A

746. In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. The first paid $10/hour, the second $30/hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50/hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30/hour. The counselor is using...

a) a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient

b) a factorial design

c) the harmonic mean

d) the mean

D

747. From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when...

a) the distribution is skewed

b) the distribution has no extreme scores

c) there are extreme scores

d) a and c

D

748. When a distribution of scres is not distributed normally statisticians call it...

a) Gauss's curve

b) a symmetrical bell-shaped curve

c) a skewed distribution

d) an invalid distribution

C

749. The median is...

a) the middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest

b) the arithmetic average

c) the most frequent value obtained

d) never more useful than the mean

A

750. In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferrer out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a ______ design.

a) Pearson product-moment r

b) Spearman rank order rho

c) factorial

d) Solomon four-group design created by psychologist Richard L. Solomon

C

751. Regardless of shape, the _____ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.

a) df

b) mean

c) median

d) mode

D

752. If a group of first semester graduate students in counseling took the NCE exam, a distribution of scores would be...

a) a bell-shaped curve

b) positively skewed

c) negatively skewed

d) more information obviously is needed

B

753. Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. The distribution of scores would most likely be...

a) a bell-shaped curve

b) positively skewed

c) negatively skewed

d) more information would be necessary

C

754. Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that...

a) he is roughly a B student

b) he answered 82% correctly

c) his percentile rank is 82

d) more information is obviously necessary 

D

755. A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph also called a...

a) histogram

b) sociogram

c) genogram

d) genus

A

756. When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as...

a) mesokurtic

b) the y axis

c) the ordinate

d) the x axis

D

757. The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis is also known as...

a) the y axis

b) the abscissa

c) the DV

d) the vertical axis

B

758. The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The y axis is also known as the...

a) ordinate

b) abscissa

c) the IV

d) the horizontal axis

A

759. If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that...

a) the curve will be normal

b) the curve will be shaped like a symmetrical bell

c) the researcher is working with two distinct populations

d) the research is useless in the field of counseling

C

760. If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment...

a) is impacted by the observer effect

b) is said to be a naturalistic observation

c) is the result of ethological observation

d) is said to be reliable

D

761. The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score.  Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be...

a) 61

b) 77

c) 59

d) more information is necessary

A

762. A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to...

a) the normal curve

b) the range

c) a correlation coefficient

d) the John Henry Effect

C

763. A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students adn in the afternoon class hse has 177 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be...

a) greater in the afternoon class than the morning class

b) smaller int he afternoon class

c) impossible to speculate about without more data

d) nearly the same in either class

A

764. The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then...

a) the average score on the test would be 122

b) 95% of the people who take the test will score b/t 85 and 115

c) 99% of the people who take the test will score b/t 85 and 115

d) 68% of the people who take the test will score b/t 85-115

D

765. Using the data in question 764 one could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within...

a) +/- 1SD of the mean

b) the average IQ range

c) an IQ score which is more than 2 SD above the mean

d) +/- 2 SD of the mean

D

766. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. A z-score of +1 would be the same as...

a) one standard deviation above the mean

b) one standard deviation below the mean

c) the same as a so-caleld T-score

d) the median score if the population is normal

A

767. Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means...

a) 2.5 SD below the mean

b) 2.5 SD above the mean

c) a CEEB score of 500

d) -.05% of the population falls within this area of the curve

A

768. A T-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the standard deviation. A T-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a standard deviation above or below the mean. Thus a T-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a T-score of 40 would...

a) be -2SD

b) be -1SD

c) be a z-score of +2

d) be a z-score of +1

B

769. An IQ score on an IQ test which was three standard deviations above the mean would be...

a) about average

b) slightly below the norm for adults

c) approximately 110

d) near the genius level

D

770. A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like...

a) the upper half of a bowling ball

b) the normal distribution

c) the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa

d) a camel's back

C

771. Test scores on an exam that fell below three standard deviations of the mean or above three standard deviations of the mean could be described as...

a) extreme

b) very typical or within the average range

c) close to the mean

d) very low scores

A

772. In World War II, the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine score divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this sytem 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine..

a) 1

b) 9

c) 5

d) 7

C

773. There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups. Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale?

a) a horse categorized as a second place winner in a show

b) a DSM or ICD diagnostic category

c) an IQ score of 111

d) the weight of an Olympic barbell set

B

774. The ordinal scale rank-orders variables, though the relative distance b/t the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be...

a) a horse categorized as a second place winner

b) an IQ score of 111

c) the weight of an Olympic barbell set

d) a temperature of 78 degrees Fahrenheit

A

775. The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but ahs no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. An example of this would be...

a) that an IQ of 70 is 70 points below and IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70

b) that a 20 lb weight is half as heavy as a 40 lb weight

c) that a first-place runner is 3x as fast as the third-place finisher

d) that a baseball player with number 9 on his uniform can get 9 times more hits than player number 1

A

776. A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research...

a) the ratio scale is the most practical

b) all true studies utilize the ratio scale

c) a and b

d) most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale

D

777. Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children's behavior. In this approach...

a) the researcher manipulates the IV

b) the researcher manipulates the IV and the DV

c) the researcher does not manipulate or control variables

d) the researcher will rely on a 2x3 factorial design

C

778. The simplest form of descriptive research is the _____, which requires a questionnaire return rate of ______ to be accurate.

a) survey: 5%

b) survey: 10-25%

c) survey: 50-75%

d) survey: 95%

C

779. A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual's depression begins to lift. This is known as...

a) the Hawthorne effect

b) the Halo effect

c) the placebo effect

d) the learned helplessness syndrome

C

780. A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be...

a) the Hawthorne effect

b) the Halo effect

c) the Rosenthal effect

d) a Type II error

A

781. An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel! This would best be explained via...

a) the Hawthorne effect

b) the Halo effect

c) the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect

d) observer bias

C

782. A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of...

a) the Hawthorne effect

b) the Halo effect

c) the Rosenthal effect

d) trend analysis

B

783. All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except...

a) it is a correlation coefficient

b) it controls for sample differences which exist

c) it helps to remove confounding, extraneous variables

d) it statistically eliminates differences ina verage values influenced by covariates

A

784. 3 years ago, an inpatient chemical dependency center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhem Reich known as "vegotherapy." Approximately half of the clients stated they would like to try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of 7 weeks. Today-three years later-a statistician compared the 2 groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the 7 weeks using a t test. This study could best be described as...

a) correlation research

b) a true experiment

c) a cohort study

d) causal comparative research

D

785. The WAIS-III IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score b/t 85-115?

a) 7

b) 99

c) 95

d) 68

D

786. A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients thro a baseball at a target 40 ft away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (In other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.) Sam took the test and hit the target just 2 times out of 100 throws; Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target 92 out of 100 throws. Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that...

a) Sam and Jeff's scores will stay about the same if they take the test again

b) Sam and Jeff will both score over 95 next time

c) Sam's score will increase while Jeff's will go down

d) Sam will beat jeff if they both are tested again

C

787. Standardized tests always have...

a) formal procedures for test administration and scoring

b) a mean of 100 and and SD of 15

c) a mean of 100 and a standard of error of measurement of 3

d) a reliability coefficient of +.90 or above

A

788. There are 2 distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, however,...

a) the researcher has an accomplice pose as a client

b) the same pople are studied over a period of time

c) the researcher relies on a single observation of a variable being investigated

d) all of the above

B

789. A counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doign research on his classes. He hypothesizes that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each timea  student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up. Betty and Linda accidentally overhear Dr. Y discussing the experiment with the department chairman. Betty is a real peple pleaser and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help Dr. Y confirm his hypothesis. Linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows came in but she still wouldn't ask a question. Both Linda and Betty exemplify...

a) internal vs. external validity

b) ipsative vs. normative interpretation of test scores

c) the use of hte nonparametric chi-square test

d) demand characteristics of experiments

D

790. If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on ______ to test ignificant differences b/t group means.

a) one- and two-tailed t tests

b) percentile rank

c) Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test

d) summative or formative evaluation

C

791. Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as...

a) the Pygmalion effect

b) counterbalancing

c) ahistoric therapy

d) multiple treatment interference

B

792. A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize...

a) SPSS

b) ERIC, for primary and secondary resources

c) O*NET

d) a random number table or random number generation computer program

B

793. In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary?

a) Standard (i.e., simple) random sampling is adequate

b) Cluster sampling is called for

c) Stratified sampling would be best

d) Horizontal sampling is required

C

794. A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that...

a) she absolutely, positively cannot run a true experiment

b) her research will absolutely, positively be casual comparative research

c) she could accomplish this using systematic sampling

d) her research will be correlational

C

795. An operational definition...

a) outlines a procedure

b) is theoretical

c) outlines a construct

d) is synonnymous with the word axiom

A

796. In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. Which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures?

a) Mann-Whitney U-test, often just called the U-test

b) Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs

c) Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H-test

d) All of the above are nonparametric measures

D

797. A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client's phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then wirtes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. This is an example of...

a) deductive logic or reasoning

b) inductive logic or reasoning

c) attrition or so-called experimental mortality

d) construct validity

B

798. A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model. When is current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, "What for, I already know the 12 steps?" This client is using...

a) deductive logic

b) inductive logic

c) an empathic assertion

d) an I statement

A

799. Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know...

a) the range of scores in his class

b) the standard deviation

c) the standard error of measurement (SEM)

d) the mode for the test

C

800. A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or so-called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat disagree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree. This is...

a) a projective measure

b) unacceptable for use in standardized testing

c) a speed test

d) a Likert scale

D