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| no reason, no inference, like psychics |
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| accept info from highly respected sources |
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| valid knowledge comes from correct reasoning |
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| facts that concur with experience are accepted |
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| produced reliable and valid knowledge systematically |
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| reasoning that goes from general to specific (think: in) |
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| reasoning that goes from specific to general |
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| formulate hypothesis, and then compare it with the facts |
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| says statements are only meaningful when verifiable by observation |
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| state bold hypotheses, attempt to falsify |
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| hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from other assumptions |
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| science should justify its practices according to how well they work rather than according to philosophical arguments |
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| present when theories and hypotheses closely fit empirical evidence |
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| the period in which scientific activity is governed and directed by a single paradigm |
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| framework of thoughts and beliefs by which reality is interpreted |
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| A period in which scientific activity is characterized by the replacement of one paradigm with another |
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| Lakatos's term for a paradigm. It includes a set of "hard-core" beliefs and an outer "protective belt" of additional beliefs |
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| the belief that mental processes and behaviors are fully caused by prior natural factors |
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| A weaker form of determinism that indicates regularities that usually but not always occur |
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| Assumption that things we sense are real |
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| The assumption that it is possible to discover regularities in nature |
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| claimed people are born tabula rasa |
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| individuals' minds are blank slates or tablets upon which nature writes |
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| he advocated falsificationism |
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| elimination of the influence of extraneous variables |
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| improvement due to participants' expectations for improvement rather than the actual treatment |
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| representing constructs by a specific set of operations |
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| defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it |
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| the reproduction of the results of a study in a new study |
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| a quantitative technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple research studies |
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| an explanation of how and why something operates |
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| the inductive or discovery part of the scientific process |
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| the deductive or theory-testing part of the scientific process |
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| goal in science to minimize opinion or bias in the conduct of research |
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| set of beliefs or practices that are not scientific but claim to be scientific |
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| research that attempts to describe some event, phenomenon, or situation |
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| the research approach in which one attempts to demonstrate cause and effect relationships by manipulating the independent variable |
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| a research study that is based on numerical data |
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| a research study based on nonnumerical data |
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| data consisting of numbers |
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| data that consists of words, pictures, statements, clothing, written records or documents, or a description of situations and behavior |
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| a characteristic or phenomenon that can vary across or within organisms, situations, or environments |
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| something that cannot vary |
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| variable that varies by type or kind |
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| variable that varies by degree or amount |
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| variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable |
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| variable that is presumed to be influenced by one or more independent variables |
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| variable that operates in between two other variables |
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| a variable that specifies how a relationship of interest changes under different conditions or circumstances |
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| a variable that can compete with the independent variable in explaining an outcome |
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| a term who meaning is debated by philosophers |
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| the factor that makes something else exist or change |
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| the difference between what would have happened and what did happen when a treatment is administered |
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| active intervention by researcher that is expected to produce changes in the dependent variable |
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| best way to construct equivalent groups |
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| an extraneous variable that if not controlled for will eliminate the researcher's ability to claim that the IV causes changes in the DV |
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| description of the consequences of manipulating an independent variable |
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| explaining the mechanisms through which a causal relationship operates |
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| an experimental research study that is conducted in a real-life setting |
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| an experimental research study that is conducted in the controlled environment of a laboratory |
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| nonexperimental quantitative research |
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| type of quantitative research in which the independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher |
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| nonexperimental research study based on describing relationships among variables and making predictions |
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| occurs when observed relationship between two variables is actually due to a confounding extraneous variable |
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| type of research in which a researcher hypothesizes a theoretical causal model and then empirically tests the model |
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| an effect of one variable directly on another variable; depicted as a single arrow in a path model |
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| an effect occurring through a mediating variable |
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| natural manipulation research |
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| type of research in which the independent variable approximates a naturally occurring manipulation, but it is not manipulated by the researcher |
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| study conducted at a single time period, and data are collected from multiple groups; data are collected during a single, brief, time period |
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| data are collected at two or more points in time |
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| design that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal elements by following two or more age groups over time |
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| use of multiple data sources, research |
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| standardized or researcher-constructed date collection instruments designed to measure personality, achievement, and performance |
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| self-report data collection instrument completed by research participants |
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| data collection method in which an interviewer asks the interviewee a series of questions, often with prompting for additional information |
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| collection of data in a group situation where a moderator leads a discussion with a small group of people |
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| observation (naturalistic,laboratory) |
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| researcher watches and records events or behavioral patterns of people |
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| observations are recorded during preselected time intervals |
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| observations are recorded every time a particular event occurs |
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| the best prediction or a tentative solution to a problem |
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| the predicted relationship among the variables being investigated |
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| a statement of no relationship among the variables being investigated |
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| Database with subject coverage of psychology, mental health, and biomedicine |
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| a set of guidelines to assist the researcher in conducting ethical research |
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| fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing the proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting of research results |
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| the investigator's conflict in weighing the potential cost to the participant against the potential gain to be accrued from the research project |
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| Institutional Review Board. Exists at all institutions that receive federal funds for research, reviews ethics of research proposals |
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| informing the research participants of all aspects of the study that might influence his or her willingness to volunteer to participate |
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| agreement from a minor to participate in research after receiving an age-appropriate explanation of the study |
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| verbally agreeing and signing a form consenting to participate in research |
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| consent is received from a parent or guarding by not returning the consent form |
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| deliberately misleading research participants by giving them false information |
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| withholding information from the research participants by not giving them all the details of the experiment |
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| a postexperimental discussion or interview about the details of the study, including an explanation for the use of any deception |
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| debriefing the participants about any deception that was used in the experiment |
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| eliminating any undesirable influence that the experiment might have had on the participant |
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| keeping the identity of the research participant unknown |
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| having control of others' access to information about you |
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| not revealing information obtained from a research participant to anyone outside the research group |
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| using work produced by someone else and calling it one's own |
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| Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. organization at all institutions conducting animal research that guarantees animal welfare |
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| improving the laboratory conditions in which animals live and reducing the number of animals used in research |
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| the belief that animals have rights similar to humans and should not be used in research |
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| format providing structure of report |
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| Association for Psychological Science |
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| gives rationale for the investigation, explains its relationship to prior research, and how it is a logical extension of prior research. goes from general to specific |
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| tells exactly how the study was conducted |
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| summarize collected data and the analysis performed on the data |
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| interprets and evaluates the results obtained |
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| accurate and complete list of all references cited in the report |
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