Term
| When is observation scientific? |
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Definition
-serves a formulated research purpose
-planned deliberately
-recorded systematically
-subjected to checks and controls on validity and reliability |
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Term
| What are the steps in conducting observation? |
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Definition
1. find observable measure of desired construct
2. select setting and mode of observation
3. select sampling strategy
4. train observers: establish reliability
5. analyze data |
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Term
| What are the advantages of observational research? |
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Definition
-may increase external validity (decrease demand characteristics, decrease social desirability)
-may increase construct validity
-may generate new hypotheses
-may identify limitations of theories |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of naturalness in research? |
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Definition
-low internal validity
-may reduce relability of measures
-still need to demonstrate generalizability to other settings |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of naturalness in research? |
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Definition
-low internal validity
-may reduce relability of measures
-still need to demonstrate generalizability to other settings |
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Term
| What are the purposes of survey research? |
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Definition
-describe characteristics of people
-examine relationships among variables
-may attempt to explain relationships when randomized experiments and quasi-experiments not possible |
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Term
| the accuracy of survey findings is affected by: |
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Definition
-the sampling plan
-the accuracy of that plan's implementation
-the measurement procedures that are used |
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Term
| What do you need to consider when writing questions about facts? |
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Definition
-errors resulting from memory problems or from response biases
-memory problems more likely for events that are further in past or that are more trivial
-questions should be specific to minimize differences in interpretation |
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Term
| Questions about beliefs and attitudes |
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Definition
-respondent may not have an attitude
-attitudes often complex and multidimensional
-attitudes have dimension of intensity |
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Term
| Conducting Good questions |
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Definition
-be specific, short, and simple
-question should simplify respondent's task as much as possible
-make alternatives clear
-avoid unwarranted assumptions
-use multiple related questions and construct an attitude scale for better reliability and validity. |
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Term
| Static-Group Comparison Design |
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Definition
| a survey research design in which groups that differ on an IV are compared on a DV of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| survey research strategy in which respondents are interviewed more than once to study changes in respondents characteristics over time |
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Term
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Definition
-simplest randomized experimental design is a randomized two-group design
-this design contains:
1. random assignment to conditions
2. treatment and comparison groups
3. observations after treatment |
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Term
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Definition
-simplest randomized experimental design is a randomized two-group design
-this design contains:
1. random assignment to conditions
2. treatment and comparison groups
3. observations after treatment |
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Term
| Advantages of factorial designs |
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Definition
-human behavior is complex, factorial designs allow us to examine effects of combination of variables
-efficient and cost-effective way of determine the effects of several independent variables |
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Term
| Practical limitations of factorial designs |
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Definition
| need to limit number of factors because: number of subjects needed becomes large, stimulus requirements may become too complex, it may be difficult to interpret effects |
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