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Research Methods
Test 2 Robert Brame - book notes/definitions
109
Criminal Justice
Undergraduate 4
04/09/2012

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Term
sample
Definition
a subset of a population
Term
enumeration units
Definition
we draw a sample of households, the households are the enumerated sample and the individuals are the sample
Term
sampling frame
Definition
the list from which the elements of a popluation are selected
Term
sample generalizability
Definition
refers to the ability to generalize from a sample or subset of a larger population to that population itself
Term
cross-population generalizability
Definition
refers to the ability to generalize from one group, population to other groups or populations
Term
external validity
Definition
refers to only to cross population generizabily, NOT to sample generalizabitly
Term
sampling error
Definition
any difference btwn the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics from which it was drawn
Term
target population
Definition
is a set of the elements larger than or different from the pop. that was sampled and to which the reseacher would like to generalize any study findings
Term
representative sample
Definition
good measure of the target pop, and balaced the sample, with similar makeup as the whole.
Term
probability sampling methods
Definition
sampling methods that allow us to know in advance how likely it is that any element of a pop will be selected for the sample
Term
Non-probabiblty sampling methods
Definition
sampling methods that DO NOT let us know the likleyhood in advance that any element of a population will be selected.
Term
why nonresponse is bad
Definition
because ppl who do not respond are likely to differ systematically from those who take the time to participate
Term
simple random sampling
Definition
requires a method that generates numbers or cases only on chance.
Term
random number table
Definition
easy way of random selection. can be obtained on many websites.
Term
random digit dialing
Definition
an automated machine dials a phone number randomly
Term
replacement sampling
Definition
when the number sample is replaced into the sampling frame after it has just been selected.
Term
who used random simple sampling by telephone and had similar results to the us census data?
Definition
Tjaden and Thoennes (2000)
Term
systematic random sampling
Definition
the starting point is selected randomly then you only pick every Nth number when the files are sequential
Term
sampling interval
Definition
part of systematic random sampling... EX every 20th case is selected. 20 is the sampling interval.
Term
avalibilty sampling
Definition
staight-forward, element are selected because they are easy to find. AKA convienence sampling. News ppl interviewing ppl on the steet. whoever happends to be around at the time.
Term
quota sampling
Definition
EX. 10% of pop must be over 65yrs old
50% under 30yrs old etc. tries to overcome limitations of avalibilty sampling.
Term
purposive sampling
Definition
each sample element is selected for a purpose. EX studying the population of some limited group like a street gang-- not random
Term
snowball sampling
Definition
talk to one person, then offer incentive to get him to give up name of others to talk to. works well for hard to reach populations like gangs
Term
who used snowball sampling in a Chicago neighborhood?
Definition
St. Jean (2007)
Term
sampling distibution
Definition
a hypothetical destribution of a statistic across an infinate number of random samples that could be drawn from a population
Term
what does normal distrubution look like?
Definition
looks like a bell shape, centered around the population mean and both sides taper of symetrically.
Term
what is symetry the normal distribution graph produced by?
Definition
sampling error.
Term
systematic sampling error
Definition
overrepresentation or underrepresentation of popluation characteristics due a bad method of sampling.
Term
Random sampling error
Definition
overrepresentation or underrepresentation of popluation characteristics due pure chance.
Term
sample statistic
Definition
is an estimate of the pop. parameter we want to estimate.
Term
population parameter
Definition
the statistic computed ofr the entire population.
Term
confidence interval
Definition
the inside of the upper and lower bounds of the graph.
Term
confidence limits
Definition
upper and lower bounds of the confidence interval.
Term
units of analyis
Definition
units under study... groups, towns, individuals, etc.
Term
units of observation
Definition
data collected from individuals. sometimes the same as units of analyis.
Term
when a researcher draws a conclusion about an individual from the group data is making a ________.
Definition
ecological fallacy.
Term
when a researcher draws a conclusion about a group from and individual he is making an ___________.
Definition
reductionist fallacy.
Term
nonothetic causal explanation
Definition
the belief that variation in an independent variable will be followed by variation in the dependent variable.
Term
the situation that would be in absense of any change in the independent variable
Definition
counterfactual
Term
idiographic causal explanation
Definition
EX: an individual is neglected by his parents, then he distrusts others, then has trouble in school, then gets addicted to herion. AKA causal effect
Term
who did the experiment with watching the violent video tapes?
Definition
Brad Bushman (1997)
Term
non-spurious relationship
Definition
a relationship that is btwn the two variable being studied, NOT by any third variable
Term
extraneous variable
Definition
the third variable that causes a relationship to be spurious.
Term
spurious relationship
Definition
when the third variable (extraneous variable) has an affect on the relationship, and no conclusion can be made btwn the two original variables that were studied.
Term
mechanism
Definition
some way of creating a connection btwn two the two variable being studied.
Term
true experiments must have what three things?
Definition
Two comparison groups, one recieving treatment, and one w.out

Random assignment of the two groups

Assesment of change in the dependent variable for both groups afterwards.
Term
non-experimental designs can be which two kinds?
Definition
longitudinal or cross-sectional
Term
cross-sectional designs
Definition
all data are collected at one point in time.
Term
longitudinal research designs
Definition
data are collected at more than one point in time.
Term
who used the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM)to study offenders incararated in Ohio county jails? what did they use to help the respondants recall the info in correct time-order
Definition
Lo, Kim, Cheng (2008)... anchors
Term
repeated cross-sectional design
Definition
AKA trend study. type of longitudinal study that allows more people to enter the same population that was studied previously.
Term
fixed-sample panel design
Definition
type of longitudinal study where data is collected from the same individuals at 2 or more points in time.
Term
event-based design. definition and what is it AKA?
Definition
AKA corhort study. A longitudinal study in which data are collected at two or more points in time from people from the same cohort.
Term
cohort
Definition
people who have all experienced common evert or starting point. EX: all ppl born in 1950's
Term
statistical control
Definition
technique in non-experimental research to reduce spuriousness.
Term
from nomothic perspective: what are the 3 criteria for a causal relationship?
Definition
Associaton btwn the variable, proper time order, and non-spuriousness of the association.
Term
true or false? "Correlation does not prove causation"
Definition
True
Term
Why are are idiographic causal explainations difficult to explain?
Definition
because the starting and ending points and which events act as causes in certain sequences make it ambiguous or hard to distinguish.
Term
Which longitudinal design provides the strongest test for time-order of effects?
Definition
Fixed-sample panel designs, but they are hard to do b/c they are expensive and wear mentally on those who participate in the studies.
Term
Who drove down streets in Chicago and recorded the level of disorder the observed?
Definition
Sampson and Raudenbush (1999)
Term
treatment is considered which variable?
Definition
independent variable
Term
true or false? all true expirements have a posttest as well as a pretest.
Definition
False. All have a posttest, some have a pretest.
Term
Pretest
Definition
measure the dependent variable prior to the experiment.
Term
Posttest
Definition
all true experiments have this. Measures the dependent variable affect the treatment has been given.
Term
the best alternative to an experimental design is usually considered __________.
Definition
quasi-experimental design
Term
what are the 3 types of Quasi-experimental designs?
Definition
Non-equivalent control group design-have experimental and comparison grous designated before the treatment and are not randomly assigned. Before and After designs- have pre and post test but no comparison group. Ex post Facto control group design- like non-equivalent groups but have a control group.
Term
individual matching
Definition
people are matched to someone else with similar traits.
Term
aggregate matching
Definition
matching group trends rather than indiviual ones.
Term
who studied the effectiveness of a drug court on recidivsm?
Definition
Listwan et al (2003)
Term
differential attrition
Definition
deselection; groups become more different for various reasons and subjects become more likely to drop out of groups... common in field experiments
Term
endogenous change
Definition
occurs when natural things happen to people in the study, not related to the treatment, that acount for some or all of the observed changes btwn the pretest and the posttest.
Term
what are the three threats to internal validatiy for endogenous change?
Definition
Testing, Maturation, Regression
Term
maturation
Definition
subjects may age, gain knowlege in school, etc and respond differently in the posttest than they did in the pretest.
Term
regression affect
Definition
ppl in a study who do badly in the pretest may have had a bad day and then consequently do better on the posttest when they take it on a better day.
Term
external effects
Definition
AKA history effect. Things that happen outside the experiment that affect the outcome.
Term
contamination
Definition
when the control group is affected by the treatment group
Term
compensatory rivalry
Definition
AKA John Henry effect. In honor of the steel driver who died trying to compete with the steam drill, when he learned he was being compared to it.
Term
treatment misidentification
Definition
occurs when the treatment does not cause the outcome, and the researcher does not pick up on it.
Term
expectancies of the experimental staff
Definition
may cause treatment misidentificaiton
Term
Hawthorne effect
Definition
moved workers to differently lite areas to determine productivity. they found that only the fact that they knew they were being studied affected the productivity.
Term
process analysis
Definition
periodic measures that are taken throughout the experiment to assess whether the treatment is being delivered as planned.
Term
factroial surveys
Definition
respondents are asked about their likley responses to hypothetical situations to maximize survey generizablity.
Term
which variable is represented by treatment or intervention?
Definition
the independent variable
Term
survey research
Definition
involves the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their response questions.
Term
omnibus survey
Definition
covery many different topics to social scientists. one of most successful is the General Social Survey (GGS).
Term
interpretive questions
Definition
after the open-ended question has been asked, the researcher askes an additional research question
Term
another word for close-ended questions
Definition
fixed choice
Term
double negative question example:
Definition
"Do you disagree that juveniles who commit murder should be tried as an adult?"
Term
doubled barreled question
Definition
asking two questions with one statement.
Term
mutually exclusive responses
Definition
when there is no overlap in the possible response choices
Term
Likert-type responses
Definition
generally ask for participants to how strongly they are for or against the question.
Term
fense-sitters
Definition
people who see themselves as neutral on a subject.
Term
floaters
Definition
ppl that choose a question even when they do not know about what the question is asking.
Term
filter question
Definition
to make sure the question you are asking only is asked to a relevant responder
Term
skip patterns
Definition
when a participant is asked a question and the response dictates that the not be asked the next question in series.
Term
contingent question
Definition
part of a skip pattern that the participant will only be asked the question if you answers "yes" to the first question. This second question related to the filter question is the contingent question.
Term
idiosyncratic variation, which type of questions are prone to this?
Definition
single questions are prone; when a participant answers the question the way he does b/c of particular words or ideas in the question itself.
Term
index or scale
Definition
-several questions are asked to measure one concept, the the measure is based on the sum or average of the answers.
Term
reliability measures
Definition
help researchers understand whether the responses are consistant or not.
Term
pretested
Definition
when you answer the question yourself and revise it.
Term
cognitive review
Definition
ask ppl test questions and then ask them follow-up questions to find out how good their test questions were.
Term
a cover letter should be:
Definition
mailed to repsondents and have these qualities: credible, personalized, interesting, responsible
Term
what makes a group-administered survey hard to do
Definition
assembling the group, ppl going about their daily activities do not count as this
Term
CATI and whats the advantage of this
Definition
computer assisted telephone interview, data collection can happen at the same time.
Term
IVR
Definition
interactive voice response, can also ask open-ended questions to be heard later.
Term
which survey type is the best if money is no object
Definition
in-person interview
Term
CAPI
Definition
computer assisted personal interview, interviewers carry a laptop and enter in the responses they participants give.
Term
CASI- what is it good for?
Definition
computer assisted self-interviewing--good for sensitive information like victimization
Term
mixed mode survey
Definition
survey may be mailed to someone that doesn't have email, but emailed to someone that does have it.
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