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| type of stats used to describe data |
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| type of stats to draw conclusions about data |
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| when your median, mode and mean are the same number |
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| Cross tabulation is used for what kind of data |
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| this hypothesis assumes that two means are the same (two groups are the same) |
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| if you are testing differences between light therapy, medication, and no treatment symptoms of seasonal affective disorder you would use this kind of test |
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| type of error made when you fail to reject null when it is false |
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| differences between various samples due to chance |
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| t-test for correlated samples |
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| if you want to test people who try all three different new flavors of kool-aid then they rate their energy level after each tasting , you would run_______. |
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| type of validity that examines your items to make sure they are relevant to the topic |
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| type of validity dealing with generalizability |
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| type of validity dealing with the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable |
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| something that causes a change in your dependent variable, but it isn't what we want to measure |
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| the correlational research approach is conceptually similar to this type of research |
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| before you give a questionnaire to your actual sample you should first do this. |
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| If you ask participants on a survey "what do you think of tom cuise and katie holmes relationship", this is an example of an ________ question. |
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| the kind of survey design you give when you give out the survey multiple times to see if people change |
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| the kind of study that involves giving out the questionnaire one time |
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| a distribution where most of the scores are at the bottom is called |
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| the kind of data you use to calculate mean |
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| range is only based on two scores and is unreliable |
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| why most people use variance instead of calculating range |
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| jane goodall did this type of research with chimps |
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| casual conclusions can be drawn from this type of research |
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| when people drop out in unequal numbers from the treatment and control group, we may have this kind of threat to validity |
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| both the subject and the experimenter are unaware of the hypotheses |
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| testing more than two variables |
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| t-test for independent groups |
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| two variables that aren't related |
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| t-test for correlated groups |
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| when same group tests diff things |
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| difference between lowest and highest number |
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strong correlation: .70+
moderate correlation: .31-.70
weak correlation: 0.01-.30
no relationship: closest to 0 |
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| correlational and differential research |
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| used for nominal or ordinal data |
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| tested multiple times over time |
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| interpreting an observed contingency as if it represented a casual connection |
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| without the controls found in higher constraint research, its difficult for the researcher to avoid influencing participants |
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| threats to internal validity |
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| observed changes over time |
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| changes due to an event that occurs during the study, which might have affects the results |
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| changes due to the effects of previous tesing |
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| any change in the calibration of the measuring instrument over the course of the study |
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| tendency for participants selected because of extreme scores to be less extreme on a retest |
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| any factor that creates groups that are not equal at the start of the study |
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| drop out rates are different |
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| changes in participants' behavior in one condition because of information they obtained about the procedures in other conditions |
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are stats accurate?
threatened by: unreliable measures of DV, violations of the stat assumptions
strengthened by: using well validated measures
approximately equal sample size in each group |
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is our theory the best explanation for the results?
threatened by: any alternative explanation for the patter of results
strengthened by: using well validated constructs to build the theoretical predictions for the study |
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do the results apply to the broader population?
threatened by: unrepresentative samples, generalizing beyond the limits of the sample
strengthened by: gathering a representative sample if possible, clearly describing samples so other researchers will know limits of generalization |
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is the independent variable responsible for the observed changes in the dependent variable?
threatened by: confounding variables
strengthened by: adding adequate controls to reduce or eliminate confounding |
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| general control procedures |
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| preparation of the setting, response measurement, replication |
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| control over subject and experimenter effects |
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| blinde procedures, single blind, double blind, automation, using objective measures, multiple observers, using deception |
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can generalize only if sample represents pop
largest to smallest: general pop, target pop, accessible pop, sample |
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| measure, describe data, draw conclusions, help us interpret data, evaluate data |
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