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| Belief that ethics must be judged in light of a universal moral code. |
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| denies the the existence of of concrete and inviolate moral codes. |
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| an ethical approach maintaining that right and wrong should be judged in terms of the consequences of one's actions. |
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a method of making decisions in which the potential costs and risk of a study are weighed against it's likely benefits. |
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| the practice of informing participants regarding the nature of their participation in a study and obtaining their written consent to participate. |
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| the situation that arises when people agree to participate in a research study because of real or implied pressure from some individual who has authority of influence over them. |
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| misleading or lying to participants for research purposes |
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| maintaining the privacy of participants' responses in reseaarch studies |
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One group pretest-postest Design |
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| a preexperimental design in which one group is tested before and after a quasi-independent variable has occurred; because it fails to control for nearly all threats to internal validity; this design should NEVER be used. |
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Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest Design |
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| a quasi-experimental design in which two preexisting groups are tested---one that has received the quasi-independent variable and one that has not; each group is tested twice. Once before and once after one groups receives he variable. |
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Nonequivalent Control Group Design |
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Definition
| one group receives a quasi-experimental design in which the group who receive the quasi-experimental variable is compared to the one who did not. |
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Nonequivalent groups post-test Design only |
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Definition
| two preexisting groups are studied; one that has received the quasi-experimental variable and one that did not. |
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| the tendency for participants who are selected on the basis of their extreme-scores on some measure to obtain less extreme scores when they are re-tested. |
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| a threat to internal validity that arises when the experimental groups were not equivalent before the manipulation of the independent variable. (also known as the confound variable) |
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| a threat to internal validity in which an extraneous event happens to one experimental group that does not happen to other groups |
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Term
Interrupted time series design with a reversal |
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Definition
a study in which 1) the DV is measured several times 2)the IV is introduced 3)the DV is measured several more times 4)the IV is then withdrawn 5) the DV is then measured again several times |
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Term
Interrupted time series design with multiple replications |
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Definition
a study in which 1)the DV is measured several times 2)the IV is introduced 3) the DV is measured again 4) the IV is withdrawn 5) The DV is measured 6) the IV is introduces a second time 7) More measures of the DV are taken 8) The IV is once again withdrawn 9) The DV is measured after the IV has been withdrawn a second time |
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Term
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Definition
| a single case experimental design in which baseline data are obtained A) the IV variable is introduced and the behavior is measured again B) then the IV is withdrawn and behavior is measured again. A) then the IV is withdrawn ans behavior is observed a third time. |
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Definition
| a situation in within-subjects designs in which the effects of one level of the IV are still present when another level of the IV is introduced. |
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| a single-case experimental in which levels of an independent variable are introduced one at a time. |
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| every participant has an equal chance of being placed in any condition |
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Matched Random Assignment |
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Definition
| a procedure for assigning participants to experimental conditions in which participants are first matched into homogenous blocks and then participants within each block are assigned to random conditions |
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Definition
| each participant serves in only one condition of the experiment |
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| an experimental design in which each participant serves in more than one condition of the experiment. (Also known as repeated-measures design) |
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Definition
| an experimental design used to control for order effects in a within-subjects design |
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| the portion of the total variance in a set of scores that is due to extraneous variables that differ systematically among the experimental conditions. |
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Definition
| the loss of participants during a study in a manner such that the loss is not randomly distributed across conditions |
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Definition
| Changes in participants' responses between prtest and posttest that are due to an outside, extraneous influence rather than to the independent variable. |
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Definition
| changes in participants' responses between pretest and posttest that are due to the passage of time rather than the IV ; aging, fatigue, and hunger may produce this effect. |
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Definition
| each participant serves in only one condition of the experiment. (also known as between-groups/subjects design) |
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Definition
| subjects are first put in homogenous blocks, then assigned randomly to conditions based on their block. |
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Definition
| Each subject serves in more than one condition (repeated measures design) |
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Definition
| responses are measured only once, after introduction to the IV. |
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Term
Randomized groups factiorial design |
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Definition
| two or more IV are involved in which each participant serves in only one condition in the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
two or more IVs in which participants are first matched into to homogenous blocks, then are assigned randomly within each block. |
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Definition
1) One or more between-subjects factors and one or more within subject factors 2) Also refers to experimental design that includes both manipulated independent variables and measured participant design. (Also known as expericorr design) |
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Definition
| an inferential statistic that tests the difference between two means |
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Definition
| a means of preventing inflation of Type I error when more than one statistical test is conducted; the desired alpha level is divided by the number of t-tests performed. |
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Definition
| erroneously rejecteing the null hypothesis when it is true, concluding the IV did not have an effect when it did. |
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ANOVA (Analysis of variance) |
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Definition
| an inferential statistical procedure used to test differences between means |
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Term
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Definition
| inferential stats that are used after a significnt F-test to determine which means differ |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis that the IV will not have an effect, equivalently the hypothesis that that means of various experimental conditions will not differ |
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Definition
| erroneously failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. Claiming the IV did not have an effect when it did. |
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Definition
| an equation from which one can predict scores on one variable from one or more other variables. |
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Term
Coefficient of Determination |
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Definition
| the correlation coefficient squared indicates the proportion of variance in one variable that can be accounted for by another variable. |
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Multivariate analyisis of Variance (MANOVA) |
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Definition
| a stat procedure that simutaneously tests differences among the means of two or more groups on two or more DVs. |
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Simultaeous Multiple Regression |
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Definition
| analysis in which all the predictors are entered into the regression equation in a single step |
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Stepwise multiple regression |
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Definition
| a multiple regression analysis in which predictors enter the regression equation in order of their ability to predict unique variance in the outcome variable. |
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Hierarchical Multiple Regression |
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Definition
| a multiple regression analyisis in which the researched specifies the order of the predictor variables will be entered into the regression equation. |
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Multiple Correlation Coefficient |
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Definition
| The correlation between one variable and a set of other variables. Often used to express the strength of relationship between the outcome variable and set of predictor variables. |
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Cross-lagged panel correlation design |
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Definition
| a research design in which two variables are measured at two points in time and correlations between variables are examined across time. |
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Structural Equations Modeling |
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Definition
| A stat analysis that tests the viability of alternative causal explanations of variables that correlate with one another. |
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Definition
| a class of multivariate stat techniques that show the underlying factors that are assumed to explain the relationships among variables. |
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Definition
| an index of the direction and magnitude of the relationship between two variables, -1.00 to +.100 |
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Coefficient of determiniation |
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Definition
| the square of the correlation coefficient, indicated the proportion of variance in one variable that can be accounted by for the other variable. |
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Definition
a set of data in which participants' scores are confined to a narrow range of possible scores. |
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| An EXTREME score, usually farther that 3 standard deviations away in any direction from the mean. |
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| the correlation between two variables with the influence of one or more other variables removed. |
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