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| Apprehensive-subject role |
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Definition
| A presumed role taken by a research subject who dislikes being evaluated; see evaluation apprehension and reactivity |
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| when all the scores at the top of the scale |
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| Simultaneous variation of a second variable with an independent variable of interest so that any effect on the dependent variable cannot be attributed with certainty to the independent variable; inherent in correlational research |
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| The technique of producing comparisons and holding other variables constant |
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| The group in a between-subjects experiment that receives a comparison level of the independent variable |
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| A potential independent variable that is held constant in an experiment |
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| A research technique in which the participant is misled about some aspect of the project; may be unethical; see double-blind design |
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| Those cues available to participants in an experiment that may enable them to determine the purpose of the experiment or what is expected by the experimenter |
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| The variable measured and recorded by the experimenter |
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| Ecological validity OR Setting representativeness |
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| The extent to which a research setting matches the environment of the problem under investigation; a threat to the external validity of experiments |
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| A source of reactivity in which participants are uneasy about being evaluated in an experiment; see reactivity |
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| "Literally, “after the fact”; refers to conditions in an experiment that are not determined prior to the experiment, but only after some manipulation has occurred naturally" |
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| The systematic manipulation of some environment in order to observe the effect of this manipulation on behavior; a particular comparison is produced |
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| The group in an experiment that receives the level of interest of the independent variable |
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| A causal statement about why or when a particular event occurs resulting from experimental methods (see joint method of agreement and difference) |
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| When participants do their utmost to follow the demands of the experimenter; see reactivity |
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| Research conducted in natural settings in which subjects typically do not know that they are in an experiment |
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| when all the scores at the bottom of the scale |
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| "The issue of whether a particular experimental result will be obtained under different circumstances, such as with a different subject population or in a different experimental setting" |
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| When a subject attempts to determine the purposes of an experiment and reacts accordingly; see demand characteristics and reactivity |
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| Refers to conditions under which performance in an experiment is affected by the knowledge of participants that they are in an experiment; see demand characteristics |
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| The variable manipulated by the experimenter |
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| Experimental results that occur when the effects of one independent variable depend on the levels of other independent variables |
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| Joint method of agreement and difference |
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Definition
| "In Mill’s system a situation, such as an experiment, in which X always follows A and never occurs when A is not present" |
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| Negativistic-subject role |
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Definition
| When a participant deliberately attempts to sabotage an experiment |
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| An experimental outcome in which the dependent variable was not influenced by the independent variable |
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| Participant or subject representativeness |
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| Determination of generality of results across different subject populations |
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| The extent to which a research procedure matches the characteristics of the real world; contrast with generalizability |
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| An assumption made in research that the characteristics of different populations and species of subjects have the same underlying process; the behavioral “equation” can be determined from the behavior that is observed |
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| A fake experiment in which participants are told to simulate the behavior of real participants in a particular experiment |
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Definition
rejection of a null hypothosis when it is true
Probability that the null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fracture; equals the significance level |
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Definition
| Failure to reject the null hypothesis when it is in fact false |
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| Variable representativeness |
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Definition
the ability to generalize across different experimental manipulations
Determination of generality of results across different manipulations of an independent variable or different dependent variables |
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| The average point on a sensory continuum (such as light intensity) at which an observer detects a stimulus |
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the degree to which the independent and dependent variables accuratley reflect or measure what they are intended to
"When several measures fit sensibly with other results, we are measuring an underlying psychological concept" |
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| "An independent means of determining the validity of an observation, experiment, or judgment" |
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all measurement scale have instances that are different from eahc other.
"A basic property of all measurement scales, such that objects or their attributes can be categorized as different from each other" |
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| The average point at which two stimuli are judged to be different (half of the interval of uncertainty) |
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| A property of measurement scales such that a one-unit change is equivalent throughout the range of the scale |
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| A causal statement about why or when a particular event occurs resulting from experimental methods (see joint method of agreement and difference) |
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| Refers to the generality of research; externally valid research is representative of real life and the participants population |
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| Allows straightforward statements about causality; experiments are usually internally valid because the joint method of agreement and difference is employed |
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Definition
equal intervals, can “do math” with these - IQ and SAT scores, temp
"A scale with equal intervals but without a true zero point (e.g., temperature)" |
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| "A property of measurement scales having to do with the fact that scale values can be ordered on the basis of magnitude—if A > B and B > C, then A > C" |
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| Magnitude of effect or effect size |
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Definition
| A calculation such as rpb that reveals the magnitude of the effect of the independent variable—how wrong the null hypothesis is |
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| The systematic assignment of numbers to objects or attributes of objects |
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| "In order in increasing power; nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio" |
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| A relatively objective technique for summarizing across many studies investigating a single topic |
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Definition
zip codes, gender, shoe size
A scale in which objects are named or categorized—the weakest measurement scale |
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Definition
rankings, places in a race, preference of dessert
A measurement scale in which objects or attributes are ordered but in which the intervals between points are not equal |
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| Two alternative forms of a test |
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| "Statistical tests that make assumptions about the distribution of scores (e.g., normally distributed); require interval or ratio data" |
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| The total set of potential observations from which a sample is drawn |
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| Power (of a statistical test) |
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Definition
occurs when a statistical test can detect effects.
most statistical tests are more sensitive to small effects with larger samples
The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis in a statistical test when it is in fact false |
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| When a test can predict a particular outcome |
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| A recipe to be followed exactly in conducting a research project |
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| Measurement of psychological concepts that do not have clearly specified inputs |
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| Procedures (such as the method of limits) used to determine thresholds that provide the bases of psychophysical scaling |
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| Scales having well-specified inputs and outputs |
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| Judgment of stimuli that are on a known physical dimension |
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true zero, can “do math” – weight, # of problems correct, kelvin
The highest form of scale in which there is a true zero and in which it is meaningful to consider multiplicative differences among attributes |
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the consistency of behavioral measures
"Refers to the repeatability of an experimental result; inferential statistics provide an estimation of how likely it is that a finding is repeatable; also refers to the consistency of a test or measuring instrument determined by computing a correlation between scores obtained by participants taking the test twice (test-retest reliability), or taking two different parallel forms of the test, or scores obtained on each half of the test (split-half reliability)" |
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| The repetition of an earlier experiment to duplicate (and perhaps extend) its findings; see also systematic replication |
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| Observations selected from a population |
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| Most psychometric scales and many psychophysical scales produce data based on a personal report by the respondent and not from observational measurements made directly by the researcher |
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| Determining reliability of a test by dividing the test items into two arbitrary groups and correlating the scores obtained on the two halves of the test |
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| Statistical reliability (significance) |
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Definition
to check how likely the results are from chance
Rejecting the null hypothesis on the basis of a statistical test that yields an alpha level of less than .05 |
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Definition
| An alternative to a random sample in which the population is divided into units and random sampling is done from the units |
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| Summated rating (Likert) scale |
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Definition
| "The sum of ratings given to attitude statements, on which people typically respond to positively and negatively oriented statements on 5-point scales" |
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Definition
| "Giving the same test twice in succession over a short interval to see if the scores are stable, or reliable; generally expressed as a correlation between scores on the tests" |
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| Theoretical constructs / interveneing variable |
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Definition
| an abstract concept that links independent variables to dependent variables |
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| The absence of a physical property (zero weight in grams) as opposed to an arbitrary zero such as 0° centigrade |
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| Refers to whether an observation or procedure is sound or genuine |
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Definition
for a particular sensory modality, the side difference threshold is relative to the original stimulus is a constant
The just-noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the base intensity |
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Definition
| Counterbalancing scheme in which each condition is preceded and followed equally often by every other condition |
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| The “normal” or typical behavior used as a standard of comparison in an experiment |
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| An experimental design in which each subject is tested under only one level of each independent variable |
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| Relatively permanent effect that testing subjects in one condition has on their later behavior in another condition |
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| The comparison condition in a within-subjects design; compare control group |
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| "Refers to any technique used to vary systematically the order of conditions in an experiment to distribute the effects of time of testing (e.g., practice and fatigue) so they are not confounded with conditions" |
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Definition
| Holding constant extraneous variables in an experiment so that any effect on the dependent variable can be attributed to manipulation of the independent variable |
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Definition
| The independent variable or a specific level of the independent variable that will have an effect on the dependent variable |
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| A problem that may confound the results of a between-subjects experiment |
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| A counterbalancing procedure in which each conditioning occurs equally often during each time period of the experiment; see balanced Latin square |
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Definition
| subject characteristics are matched in the treatment conditions |
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| The process of unbiased assignment of subjects to conditions or unbiased variation of condition order |
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| "When a subject fails to complete an experiment, which may destroy the basis of matching subjects across groups" |
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| An experimental design in which each subject is tested under more than one level of the independent variable |
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| In multifactor experiments... |
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Definition
| In multifactor experiments, an interaction occurs when the effects of one independent variable depend on the level of other independent variables p 217 |
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