Term
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Definition
| experimenter has direct control over |
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Term
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Definition
| something that may or may not change as a result of changes in the IV |
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Term
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Definition
| each person in population has an equal chance of being in the sample |
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Term
| True experiment with random assignment |
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Definition
particpants have an equal chance of placement in experimental or control group
helps avoid unintentional difference between groups
establish cause and effect relationships
permit replication |
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Term
| Quasi-experimental designs |
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Definition
statistical control when physical control (random assignment) is impossible/unethical
correlation study
ex:pre-post test |
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Term
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Definition
| people from different age groups all assessed at one point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| same people studied more than once ideally 3 time points for nonlinear change |
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Term
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Definition
| complex combination of cross sectional and longitudinal adds more data then either design alone |
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Term
Meaningful measures
reliable
valid |
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Definition
reliable- are consistent from time to time
valid- the test actually measures what it claims to measure |
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Term
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Definition
objectively measurable data...standardized tests, physiological changes
rich non-numerical data: feelings and beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| diaries, surveys (open ended or rating scales), interview and focus groups |
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Term
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Definition
behavior observed and recorded in controlled environment
more likely to identify and control causal influences
Piaget's A not B task
Ainsworth Strange situation task |
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Term
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Definition
no interference
can either be qualitative or quantitative |
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Term
| Ways to narrow down sampling data in naturalistic observation |
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Definition
event sampling- count of specific events (picks nose)
good for occasional behavior
time sampling- what is the child doing every 30 seconds
not good for capturing short/periodic behaviors because may occur between observations
1/0 sampling- only coding the first time a behaviors is observed
can look for multiple behaviors at once but not as detailed |
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Term
| direct assessment of behavior and performance |
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Definition
objective measure
mechanical and electronic devices
assessing knowledge abilities and physical responses
direct assessments with child must be developmentally appropriate |
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Term
DDDP reading belsky and pluess
the nature and nurture of plasticity in early human development |
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Definition
| don't know how much plasticity is nature vs nurture |
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Term
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Definition
| union of sperm an ovum to produce single celled zygote |
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Term
When are women most fertile
what process is this known as |
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Definition
24-48 hours prior to ovulation
known as LH surge starts around dat 12 of avg menstrual cycle and lasts 48 hours
LH surge matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary and triggering the release of the egg
after a day unfertilized egg will disintegrate or dissolve in the fallopian tube |
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Term
| how many days is typical fertility |
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Definition
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Term
| sperm stay alive in uterus and fallopian tube |
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Definition
for 5 days post sex
surge of hormones prior to ovulation increase women's sexual drive
men perceive women as more attractive during their peak fertility |
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Term
| stages of prenatal development |
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Definition
germinal conception-2weeks
embryonic - 2-8 weeks
fetal - 8-birth |
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Term
germinal stage development
where does fertilization occur |
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Definition
single celled mature ovum leaves ovary
fertilization
cell division
Fertilization occurs in fallopian tube…blastocyst attach to uterine wall…10 days blastocyst joined to uterine wall
CNS is always at risk
We develop from back forward and inside out |
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Term
| characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Definition
small birth weight
small head circumference
small widely spaced eyes
flat mid face
short upturned nose
smooth wide philtrum
thin upper lip |
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Term
| rise in multiple birth rate |
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Definition
factors: raising trend toward delaying childbirth
increased education about nutrition
increasing use of fertility drugs
relate risk: pregnancy complications, premature delivery and birth weight, infant disability or death |
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Term
| two types of multiple births |
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Definition
monozygotic
one egg one sperm
identical twins
share 100% of genes
dizygotic
two egg, two sperm
more common
fraternal twins
share 50% of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| family studies, adoption studies, twin studies |
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Term
| Genotype-Environment (GXE) correlations |
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Definition
environment reflects or reinforces genetic differences
passive- child does not control inheritance of both genes and environment from parents
reactive or evocative- parents react to child's genes to provide environment or children evoke an environment
active or niche picking- child may have genetic predisposition for particular environments |
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Term
passive correlation
(G X E ) correlation |
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Definition
parents who provide genes that predispose a child toward a trait also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait
child has no control |
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Term
reactive or evocative correlation
(G X E) correlation |
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Definition
parents who are not musically inclined may make a special effort to provide musical experiences for a child who shows interest and ability in music
parents react to child'd genetic makeup |
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Term
active correlation
(G X E) corr. |
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Definition
| child chooses own activities and environments |
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Term
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Definition
development reflects unique environment in which child grows up
your siblings and you grew up in different home environments
unique interactions with family friends and peers
financial stability of families changes
accidents, illness, birth order, parents are learning over time too |
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Term
| PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT |
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Definition
cephalocaudal principle- development proceed in head to tail direction
proximodistal principle- development proceed from within to without
ontogeny recapitualtes phylogeny- development resembles evolutionary processes |
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Term
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Definition
| send a receive information |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fatty substance helps send faster signals |
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Term
| we are born with 200 billion neurons |
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Definition
synapses are formed in response to stimulation and genetic programming
without activation, synapse are pruned away or die |
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Term
postnatal brain
plasticity |
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Definition
molded by interactions with the environment
neural adaptation through experience
threats-sensory impoverishment, malnutrition
corrective experiences can relieve past deprivations |
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Term
| Sensitive periods in brain development |
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Definition
stimulation is vital when brian is growing rapidly
experience-expectnat plasticity
ordinary experiences "expected" by the brain
exposure to language vision etc
experience dependent plasticity
synatogenesis and pruning as a result of specific learning experiences
baking |
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