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Definition
| a pre-treatment baseline condition (A) followed by a condition treatment (B) |
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Term
| Affirmation of the Consequent |
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Definition
a 3-step form of reasoning that begins with a true antecedent - consequent (if A then B) statement and proceeds as follows: (1) if A is true, then B is true; (2) B is found to be true; (3) therefore, A is true. Although other factors could be responsible for the truthfulness of A, a sound experiment affirms several if-A-then-B possibilities, each one reducing the likelihood of factors other than the independent variable being responsible for the observed changes in behavior.
the assumption that, if the IV were not applied, the behavior, as indicated by a stable baseline, would not change. (171) |
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Term
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Definition
| a data path that shows an increasing trend in the response measure over time |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present; data obtained are the basis for determining the effects of the independent variable; a control condition that does not necessarily mean the absence of instruction or treatment, only the absence of a specific independent variable of experimental interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| the experimental reasoning inherent in single-subject experimental design (prediction, verification, and replication). Depends upon steady state strategy. |
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Definition
| an uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the DV (dependent variable) |
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Term
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Definition
| some measure of a socially significant behavior, measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the IV (independent variable) |
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Term
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Definition
| a data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 meanings (a) the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relation (i.e. when a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by manipulating a specific aspect of the environment AND (b) the extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the IV by presenting it, withdrawing it, and/or varying its value, and also eliminating or holding constant all confounding and extraneous variables |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular arrangement of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the presence and absence (or different values) of the IV can be made. Two kinds: New condition introduced, old one reintroduced. |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which study's findings have generality to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| any aspect of the experimental setting that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variations |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in the behavior are a function of the IV and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables |
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Term
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Definition
| an experimental design to discover the differential effects of a range of values of an IV. (How much) |
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Term
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Definition
| improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained |
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Term
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Definition
| the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement. One of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs. Measures of future responding derived from steady baseline measurement. |
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Term
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Definition
| (a) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity, (b) repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors |
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Term
| single-case designs (AKA Single Subject designs) |
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Definition
a wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the IV (independent variable) on the behavior of individual subjects.
the experimental logic or reasoning for analyzing behavior change employs the subject as their own control. Repeated measures of each subjects behavior are obtained as they are exposed to each condition of the study.
(Within-subject or intra-subject) |
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Term
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Definition
| repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influences on the behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition |
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Term
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Definition
accomplished by demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the IV not been introduced; reduces the probability that some uncontrolled variable was responsible for the observed change in behavior.
1 of 3 components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs. (172) |
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Term
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Definition
| when data shows no evidence of an upward or downward trend, and all the measurements fall within a small range of values. |
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Term
| steady-state responding (AKA stable state responding) |
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Definition
| a pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| unstable responding. Data points do not consistently fall within a narrow range of values, nor do they suggest any clear trend. |
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Term
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Definition
| a brief, specific statement a what the researchers wants to learn from the experiment. 1. Form of a question, 2. stated implicitly within the study's purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| a verbal statement summarizing the results of an experiment that describes the coourrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variables in the experiment in which a specific change in one event (the dependent variable) can be produced by manipulating another event (the independent variable) and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely the result of other factors (confounding variables) |
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Term
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Definition
| an initial baseline phase (A) until steady state responding is obtained, an intervention phase in which the treatment condition (B) is implemented until the behavior has changed and steady responding is obtained, and a return to baseline conditions (A) by withdrawing the independent variable to see whether responding "reverses" to levels observed in initial baseline phase |
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Term
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Definition
| an initial baseline phase (1) until stead state responding is obtained, (2) an initial ntervention phase in which the treatment variable (B) is implemented until the behavior has changed and steady responding is obtained, (3) a return to baseline conditions (A) by withdrawing the independent variable to see whether responding "reverses" to levels observed in initial baseline phase, and (4) a second intervention phase (B) see whether initial treatment effects are replicated |
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Term
| Alternating Treatment Designs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a design that begins with the treatment condition. After steady state responding has been obtained during the initial treatment phase (B) the treatment variable is withdrawn (A) to see whether responding changes in the absence of the independent variable. The treatment variable is then reintroduced (B) in an attempt to recapture the level of responding obtained during the first treatment phase. |
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Term
| DRI/DRA Reversal Technique |
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Definition
| demonstrates the effects of reinforcement, uses DRI or DRA as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition, shows more of a contingent relationship rather than a present or absent relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| demonstrates the effects of reinforcement, uses DRO as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition, shows more of a contingent relationship rather than a present or absent relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental design in which two or more conditions (one of which may be a no-treatment control condition) are presented in rapidly alternating succession (e.g., on alternating sessions or days) independent of the level of responding; differences in responding between or among conditions are attributed to the effects of the conditions. |
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Term
| multiple treatment interference |
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Definition
| the confounding effects of one treatment on a subject's behavior being influenced by the effects of another treatment administered in the same study |
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Term
| multiple treatment reversal design |
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Definition
| ny experimental design that uses the experimental methods and logic of the reversal tactic to compare the effects of two or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another |
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Term
| Non-contingent Reinforcement (NCR) Reversal Technique |
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Definition
| uses NCR as a control condition instead of a no-reinforcement (baseline) condition; this shows that if the behavior changes it is b/c of the contingency, not the contact with the reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| Any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by reversing responding to a level obtained in a previous condition; encompasses experimental designs in which the independent variable is withdrawn (ABA) or reversed in its focus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used by some authors as a synonym for A-B-A-B design; also used to describe experiments in which an effective treatment is sequentially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behavior changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the effects on a subjects behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subject's experience with a prior condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| a level of behavior observed in an earlier phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during an earlier phase. Consider DRI/DRA reversal design, multiple baseline design. |
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Term
| Changing Criterion Design |
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Definition
| a design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criterion for reinforcement or punishment, Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion. |
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Term
| Delayed Multiple Baseline Design |
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Definition
| initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, are begun for one behavior/setting/subject and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviors while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior(s). After maximum change has been noted in the first behavior, the treatment variable is applied in sequential fashion to each of the other behaviors in the design. Experimental control is demonstrated if each behavior shows similar changes when, and only when, the treatment variable is introduced. |
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Term
| multiple baseline across behaviors design |
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Definition
| A multiple baseline design in which the treatment variable is applied to tow or more behaviors of the same subject in the same setting. |
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Term
| Multiple baseline across settings design |
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Definition
| A multiple baseline design in which the treatment variable is applied to the same behavior of the same subject across two or more different settings, situations, or time periods. |
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Term
| Multiple baseline across subjects design |
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Definition
| a multiple baseline design in which the treatment variable is applied to the same behavior of two or more subjects (or groups) in the same setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| a variation of the multiple baseline design the features intermittent measures, or probes, during baseline. It is used to evaluate the effects of instruction on skill sequences in which it is unlikely that the subject can improve performance on later steps in the sequence before learning prior steps. |
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Term
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Definition
| a design to identify the active elements of a treatment conditions, the relative contributions of different variables in a treatment package, and/or the necessary and sufficient components of an intervention, compare levels of responding across successive phases in which the intervention is implemented with 1+ components left out |
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Term
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Definition
| an experiment in which the researcher attempts to duplicate exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents the subject and the observer(s) from detecting the presence or absences of the treatment variable, used to eliminate confounding of results by expectations, differential treatment by others, and observer bias |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which procedures in all phases and conditions of an experiment, including baseline, are implemented correctly. |
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Term
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Definition
| (a) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity, (b) repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| An experiment in which the researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of an earlier experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| An undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the study. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertently along with the planned treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a false positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a false negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure that prevents a subject from detecting the presence or absence of the treatment variable. To the subject, the placebo condition appears the same as the treatment condition (e.g., a placebo pill contains an inert substance but looks, feels, and tastes exactly lie a pill that contains the treatment drug). (See double blind control.) |
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