Term
| The most valuable Type of Research is? |
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Definition
| The experiment, used to discover cause-an-effect relationships. |
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Term
| Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means... |
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Definition
| Interpreting the results in the simplest way. |
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Term
| Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters... |
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Definition
| Interpret the results in the simplest manner. |
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Term
| A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the xperimenter one of the clients is the study is secretly a gestalt therapist. This experiment... |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-directive is to person-centered as... |
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Definition
| Parsimony is to Occam's Razor. |
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Term
| An experiment is said to be confounded when... |
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Definition
| Undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment. |
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Term
| In experimental terminology IV stands for ______ and DV stands for ______? |
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Definition
| Independent Variable, Dependent variable |
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Term
| A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams. If this profession decided to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the _____, and the DV will be the _______? |
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Definition
| Biofeedback and board exam score. |
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Term
| Experimenters should aways abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the _________? |
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Definition
| IV or Independent variable |
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Term
| In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) _______ and a(n) ___________? |
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Definition
| Control group and experimental group |
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Term
| In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggested in question 708, the experimental group would need to receive? |
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Definition
| The manipulated IV and then biofeedback training. |
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Term
| Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of ________? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Null Hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group while received the IV and the control group which did not. Thus, if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that _______? |
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Definition
| Biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores. |
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Term
| The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis. The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group (i.e., the group receiving the IV). Thus, if the experiment in question 708 were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that |
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Definition
| the biofeedback would raise board scores. |
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Term
| From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need? |
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Definition
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Term
| When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually |
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Definition
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Term
| P = .05 really means that |
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Definition
| There is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors. |
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Term
| P = .05 really means that? |
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Definition
| differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 out of 100 times. |
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Term
| The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P = |
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Definition
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Term
| Type I and Type II errors are called _______ and _______ respectively. |
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Definition
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Term
| A Type I error occurs when ______ |
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Definition
| you reject null when it is true. |
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Term
| A Type II error __________ |
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Definition
| is also called a beta error and means you accept null when it is false. |
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Term
| Assume the experiment in question 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case. The researcher has made a |
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Definition
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Term
| A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment. This will |
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Definition
| reduce Type I and Type II errors. |
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Term
| If a researcher changes the signifcance level from .05 to.001, then |
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Definition
| alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase |
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Term
| A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while a control group does not. In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize |
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Definition
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Term
| The researcher in question 727 now attempts a more complicate experiment. One groups receives no assertiveness training a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions. The statistic of choice would be the..... |
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Definition
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Term
| If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be the... |
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Definition
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Term
| To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| When researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, How the IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; Just measured. In case such as this a correlations coefficient will reveal? |
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Definition
| The relationships between IQ and panic disorder. |
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Term
| If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and the LPC exam scores would be... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00? |
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Definition
| Length in inches and length in centimeters |
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Term
| A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their CPCE scores the result would be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists and who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90. A student who perused Dr. X's research told his fellow student that dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapist to become behaviorally oriented. The student is incorrect because? |
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Definition
| Correlation does not imply causal. |
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Term
| Behaviorist often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to.... |
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Definition
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Term
| In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving and experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group. This is nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is a.... |
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Definition
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Term
| A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy. Neither the client nor the researcher knew which students received the new treatment. this was a... |
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Definition
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Term
| Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to... |
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Definition
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Term
| In a normal curve the mean, the median and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve. From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician K. F. Gauss) looks like... |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median and the mode. The mode is... |
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Definition
| The most frequently occurring score and the least important measure of central tendency. |
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Term
| A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e. Most frequently occurring scores.) Graphically, this looks roughly like... |
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Definition
| A camel's back with two humps. |
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Term
| In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the.... |
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Definition
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Term
| The most useful measure of central tendency is the.... |
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Definition
| Mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it. |
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Term
| in a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. the first paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hours. the counselor is using.... |
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Definition
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Term
| From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is misleading when.... |
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Definition
| The distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores. |
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Term
| When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally, statisticians call it.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The middle score when the date are arranged from highest to lowest. |
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Term
| In a new experiment, a counselor educator wanted to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. she will use a _______ design. |
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Definition
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Term
| Regardless of the shape, the ______ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically. |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of first-semester graduate students in counseling took an experimental counseling exam that was much more difficult than the NCE. All the students scored very low. A distribution of their scores would... |
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Definition
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Term
| Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. Needless to say, all of them scored extremely high. The distribution of scores would most likely be.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Billy received and 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the rest. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that... |
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Definition
| more information is obviously necessary |
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Term
| A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a car graph also called a.... |
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Definition
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Term
| When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| The X Axis is used to plot the IV scores. The X axis could also be called the _______ on your exam. |
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Definition
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Term
| the Y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs. The Y axis could also be called the _______ of your exam. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good change that...... |
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Definition
| The researcher is working with two distinct pollutions. |
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Term
| If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment is.... |
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Definition
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Term
| The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lost score. Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be... |
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Definition
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Term
| A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to... |
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Definition
| A correlation coefficient. |
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Term
| A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 77 students. A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be.... |
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Definition
| greater in the afternoon class than the morning class. |
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Term
| The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. the variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15. A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then... |
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Definition
| 68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115 |
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Term
| Using the data in question 764 one could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within... |
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Definition
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Term
| The standard deviation (SD) is the square root of the variance. A z-score of +1 would be the same as... |
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Definition
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Term
| z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, this a z-score of -2.5 means... |
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Definition
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Term
| A t- score is different form a z-scores. A z-score is the same as the SD. A t-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a SD above or below the mean. Thus a t=score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a t-score of 40 would be... |
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Definition
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Term
| An IQ score on an IQ test which was 3 SD above the mean would be.... |
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Definition
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Term
| A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like.... |
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Definition
| the upper half of a hot dog. lying on its side over the abscissa |
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Term
| test scores on an exam that fell below 3 SD of the mean or above 3 SD of the mean could be described as... |
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Definition
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Term
| In world war II the air force used stanine scores a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equals intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In the system 5 is the mean. Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine.... |
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Definition
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Term
| There are four basic measurement scales; the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. it is the simplest type of scale. it is used to distinguish logically separated groups. which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale? |
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Definition
| A DSM or ICD diagnostic category. |
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Term
| The ordinal scale rank orders variable, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal. An example of this would be... |
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Definition
| A horse categorized as a second-place winner in a race. |
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Term
| The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distance but has no absolute zero point. Most test used in school fall into this category. you can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. an example of this would be that... |
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Definition
| An IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with a IQ of 70 |
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Term
| A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ration measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale. In terms of counseling research... |
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Definition
| most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale. |
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Term
| researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations of studying children's behaviors. in this approach... |
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Definition
| The researcher does not manipulate or control variables. |
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Term
| the simplest form of descriptive research is the _____ which requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of ______ to be accurate. |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individuals depression begins to life. This is known as..... |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them as been curative. the best explanation of their improvement would be.... |
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Definition
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Term
| An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all the children who were supposed to excel did excel. This would best be explained via.... |
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Definition
| The Rosenthal effect of the experimenter expectancy effect. |
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Term
| A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of... |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except: |
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Definition
| It is a correlation coefficient. |
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Term
| Three years ago in inpatient addiction treatment center in a hospital asked the client if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhelm Riech known as "Vegotherapy" Approximately half of the client stated they would like to try the treatment while the other 50% stated they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today-three years later-a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behaviors at the end of the seven weeks using a T test the study could best be described as... |
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Definition
| Causal Comparative research |
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Term
| The WAIS-IV IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85-115? |
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Definition
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Term
| A reacher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, in the name of the test 50. (in other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times) sam took a test and hit the target just two times out of 100 allowed. Jeff, on the other hand hit the target an amazing 92 times out of 100 trials. using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that... |
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Definition
| Sam's score will increase while Jeff's will go down. |
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Term
| Standardized tests always have... |
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Definition
| Formal procedures for test administration and scoring. |
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Term
| There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, However, |
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Definition
| The same people are studied over a period of time. |
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Term
| A counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doing research on his classes. He hypothesizes that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student ask a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up. Betty and Linda accidentally overhear Dr. Y discussing the experiment with the department chair. Betty is a real people pleaser and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help Dr. Y confirm his hypothesis. Linda nevertheless is angry that she is being experimented on and promised Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows came in but she still would not ask questions both Linda and Betty exemplify. |
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Definition
| Demand characteristics of experiments. |
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Term
| If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on _________ to test significant differences between group means. |
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Definition
| Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's or scheffe's test. |
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Term
| Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as.... |
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Definition
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Term
| A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography graph for his thesis would most likely utilize. |
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Definition
| ERIC, for primary and secondary resources. |
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Term
| in a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, However, it will be important to include 20% African Americans. What type of sampling procedure will be necessary? |
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Definition
| Stratified sampling would be best. |
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Term
| A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. You could safely say that... |
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Definition
| She could accomplish this using systematic sampling. |
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Term
| An operational definition.... |
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Definition
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Term
| in a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution. which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures? |
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Definition
Mann-Whitney U test, often just called the U test.
Wilcoxon signed-rant test for matched pairs.
soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H test.
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Term
| A Researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a clients phobia using a paradoxical strategy. He then writes in his research repot that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics. this is an example of.... |
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Definition
| Inductive Logic or reasoning. |
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Term
| A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12- step model. When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, What for, I already know the 12 steps? this client is using.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know... |
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Definition
| The standard error of measurement (SEM) |
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Term
| A researcher performs a study that has. excellent external or so called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability. To collect his data the researcher gave clients. a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree or, strongly disagree This is... |
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Definition
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