Term
| What dog breed has a once a year estrous cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stages of the canine estrous cycle can be defined by: |
|
Definition
-sexual behavior
-physical signs
-vaginal cytology
-progesterone levels |
|
|
Term
| Acronym for the stages of K9 estrous cycle, in order? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-swollen vulva
-bloody discharge
-will not accept a male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tail "flagging"
-clear discharge
-will accept a male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pinkish discharge
-no interest in males
-can get false pregnancy or pyometra |
|
|
Term
| Describe how long each estrous cycle stage lasts, in order. |
|
Definition
P- 1 week
E- 1 week
D- about 2mo
A- until next heat cycle |
|
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Term
| 5 Reasons for choosing AI: |
|
Definition
-breed cannot mate normally (bulldogs)
-dominant female
-inexperienced stud
-stricture in female
-long distance breeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-artificial vagina
-sterile glove, pipette, syringe
-non-spermicidal lube
-love mat |
|
|
Term
| How to care for AI equipment: |
|
Definition
-no cleansers!
-rinse with distilled water
-gas sterilize
-air out 24hr |
|
|
Term
| Name for the artificial teaser bitch smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must you do to a male dog in order to place an artificial vagina on its penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name of the physical bond between male and female dog during intromission? How long does it last? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| After collecting semen, the male dog will exhibit... |
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Definition
| an enlarged bulbous glandis |
|
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Term
| Term for when the penis can't retract back inside the prepuce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can you do to a female dog after AI to enhance likelihood of fertilization? |
|
Definition
-"feather" the vulva to stimulate uterine contractions
-elevate rear end |
|
|
Term
| What do you add to sperm to make it last longer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do false pregnancy and pyometra tend to occur? |
|
Definition
| 6wks after heat, during diestrus |
|
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Term
| Pyometras can be ___ or ___. |
|
Definition
| open (draining) or closed |
|
|
Term
| When do dogs go into their first heat cycle? |
|
Definition
| -6 mo (small dogs) to 18 mo (bigger) |
|
|
Term
| How often do dogs go into heat? |
|
Definition
| usually twice a year (Basenjis are once a year) |
|
|
Term
| How is feline estrous different from K9 estrous? |
|
Definition
-induced ovulation
-seasonally polyestrous
-anestrus between Oct - Jan |
|
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Term
| Only the dogs with the most excellent ___ and ___ should be bred. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What health parameters should be checked prior to breeding? |
|
Definition
-OFA, hip/elbow dysplasia
-CERF (K9 Eye Registry Foundation)
-thyroid, cardiac, sebaceous adenitis, Von Willibrand's, etc
-Brucellosis test |
|
|
Term
| Expenses related to breeding, other than medical tests? |
|
Definition
-stud fee
-AI
-vaginal cytology
-progesterone testing
-US, rads
-c-section |
|
|
Term
| Vet expenses related to neonates? |
|
Definition
-dew-claw removal
-de-worming
-vaccinations |
|
|
Term
| How long is gestation for dogs and cats? |
|
Definition
| about 9 wks for each (63d dog, 65d cat) |
|
|
Term
| Term for giving birth (K9) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for giving birth (cat) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-day 24-28
-can see heart at day 30 |
|
|
Term
| Diet of a pregnant bitch/queen? |
|
Definition
-gradually increase amount
-switch to puppy/kitten food
-small, frequent meals or free feed
-do NOT supplement calcium |
|
|
Term
| What supplies to gather in the final week of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-whelping box
-heat lamp
-newspapers/towels
-lube
-leash
-flashlight
-bulb syringe |
|
|
Term
| In the final week of pregnancy, check what parameter? How often? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sign that bitch will whelp in 24hr? |
|
Definition
| temp drops to 98, then comes back up |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of whelping? |
|
Definition
Stage 1: cervical dilation
Stage 2: expulsion of fetus
Stage 3: expulsion of placenta |
|
|
Term
| Describe Stage 1 of Whelping: |
|
Definition
-6-12 hr
-resting, panting, nesting, seclusion
-may not eat, may vomit
-temp drops to 98
-contractions begin |
|
|
Term
| Describe Stage 2 of Whelping: |
|
Definition
-cervix dilates
-pup leaves body
-remove membrane from face
-mom roughly licks bebeh
-tear umbilicus
-keep pup warm and separate from mom |
|
|
Term
| Describe Stage 3 of Whelping: |
|
Definition
-bitch can eat 1 or 2 placentas
-count placentas
-give mom Nutrical, water
-nursing is good
-keep pups warm and dry
-after all pups, give mom PIT shot |
|
|
Term
| What should you count during whelping? |
|
Definition
| # placenta and # babies, the numbers should match!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pitocin shot, give to mom after all pups born - will get uterus back to normal |
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Term
| The placenta contains the hormone ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In the case of dystocia, what shot may be given? How many can be given? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Labor would be considered dystocia if... |
|
Definition
| -contractions continue but no new pup for 2 hours |
|
|
Term
| What to do if dystocia occurs? |
|
Definition
-palpate vaginal canal
-if no pup in canal, give oxytocin
-emergency c-section if needed |
|
|
Term
| What should you write on a vaginal smear slide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Smallest epithelial cell
-high nucleus:cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-smallest epi seen
-large nucleus:cytoplasm
-numerous in diestrus |
|
|
Term
-vary in size/shape
-some round/oval with prominent nuclei
-some polygonal with small nucleus:cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-varies in size, shape
-larger than parabasal
-many in proestrus, diestrus |
|
|
Term
| The vagina cells that look like cornflakes are called ___ or ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
-angular, jagged borders
-pyknotic nucleus
-may appear anucleated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-angular, jagged borders
-pyknotic nucleus
-may appear anucleated |
|
|
Term
| In what stage of estrous are the vaginal cells predominantly cornified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If ___% of cells on a vaginal smear are ___, it means that the animal is close to ___ and is ready to breed. |
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Definition
| If 90% of cells on a vaginal smear are cornified, it means that the animal is close to ovulation and is ready to breed. |
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Term
| If ___% of cells on a vaginal smear are ___, you should test the blood for ___ levels. |
|
Definition
| If 70% of cells on a vaginal smear are cornified, you should test the blood for progesterone levels. |
|
|
Term
| Describe a vaginal smear done in proestrus. |
|
Definition
-noncornified
-RBCS
-may be bacteria
-may be neutrophils
-late proestrus: large intermediate and cornified |
|
|
Term
| Describe a vaginal smear done in estrus. |
|
Definition
-mostly cornified (aka superficial)
-may be anucleated
-no neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Describe a vaginal smear done in diestrus. |
|
Definition
-few cornified, mostly parabasal/intermed
-RBCs in 1st week
-may be WBCs |
|
|
Term
| Describe a vaginal smear done in anestrus. |
|
Definition
-noncornified squamous epis
-intermed or parabasal
-may be neutrophils
-no RBCs |
|
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Term
| How does live-dead stain work on sperm? |
|
Definition
| Stain kills all sperm, but if they were alive at time of staining they will not take up dye bc cell membrane is intact. |
|
|
Term
| What is the "party hat" on a sperm called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acrosome, head, body, tail |
|
|
Term
| Keep semen at ___ for storage, and warm up to ___ for motility analysis. |
|
Definition
storage: 60F (~16C)
motility: 95-98F (35-37C) |
|
|
Term
| How to prepare a slide of sperm for motility analysis?? |
|
Definition
-warm sperm to 95-98F (35-37C)
-prewarm slide to 98F (37C)
-place 1 drop on slide
-coverslip
-examine at 10x |
|
|
Term
| Curled tail of sperm indicates... |
|
Definition
-cold shock (if many)
-small numbers may be found normally in sample |
|
|
Term
| __% or more of curled tail sperm indicates... |
|
Definition
| temperature fluctuation during storage/transport |
|
|
Term
| Shaking a semen sample may cause the sperm to ___. |
|
Definition
| clump, which makes them non-motile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. PSF = pre-sperm (clear)
2. SRF = sperm rich fluid (milky)
3. PF = prostatic fluid (clear) |
|
|
Term
| Normal sperm travel in what way? |
|
Definition
| -smooth, forward, linear progression |
|
|
Term
| When doing sperm motility analysis, what 2 things do you look for / measure? |
|
Definition
1st- how many are moving at all = # alive (gross motility
2nd- good vs bad motility |
|
|
Term
| The criteria for normal fertility is ___% or more of progressively motile sperm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sperm abnormality that looks like a little ball under the head or on the tail. |
|
Definition
| piroplasmic droplet (proximal or distal) |
|
|
Term
| Sperm characteristics to record on a semen analysis form: |
|
Definition
-volume of fractions
-color
-motility (% motile, speed, quality, % abnormal)
-morphology (primary or secondary abn) |
|
|
Term
| How many fields do you need to evaluate sperm motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what power do you examine sperm motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what power do you examine sperm morphology? |
|
Definition
| 40x for initial assessment, then oil immersion |
|
|
Term
| Evaluate ___ sperm cells for each abnormality seen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary abnormalities in sperm indicate that... |
|
Definition
| we screwed up somewhere in collection/storage/transport. |
|
|
Term
| Primary abnormalities in sperm indicate that... |
|
Definition
| the sperm were deformed inside the animal |
|
|
Term
| 6 secondary abnormalities of sperm: |
|
Definition
-distal droplet
-detached head
-bent tail
-detached galae capitis / acrosome
-reverse tail
-distal coiled tail |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible ratings for sperm motility quality? |
|
Definition
| excellent / good / avg / fair / poor |
|
|
Term
| Live/Dead semen stain consists of the stains: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is live/dead stain stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to properly stain sperm with live/dead stain: |
|
Definition
-hematocrit tube to apply 1 small drop sperm to slide
-stick end of cotton swab to apply stain
-mix, make a smear |
|
|
Term
| How to establish a clear airway for neonates: |
|
Definition
-remove sac from face
-suction
-swing |
|
|
Term
| How to stimulate respirations in neonate: |
|
Definition
-rub body
-supplement O2 (hold up to face)
-drugs (Naloxone if mom had narcotics, or Dopram under tongue, or epinephrine) |
|
|
Term
| What to do with the umbilical cord? |
|
Definition
-clamp (hemostat)
-tie (after puppy squeaks)
-cut/tear (less likely to bleed out) |
|
|
Term
| Most of the milk will be located in which teats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neonates should double their birth weight by ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where to place heat lamp in whelping box? |
|
Definition
| -at least 6" above, only on part of box |
|
|
Term
| How to convert grams to lbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Situations where you need to supplement neonate feeding? |
|
Definition
-large litter
-orphans
-mastitis |
|
|
Term
| How frequently must you feed a neonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much to feed neonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long to supplement feeding of neonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methods of feeding neonates? |
|
Definition
-red rubber tube is quickest
-bottle feeding is time intensive |
|
|
Term
| If taking care of neonates, what must you do to the babies after every feeding? |
|
Definition
-stimulate urination/defecation
-rub with warm, wet cloth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fading puppy syndrome
-fading kitten syndrome
-neonatal isoerythrolysis |
|
|
Term
| What is fading puppy syndrome? |
|
Definition
| dies in first 2 wks no matter what, may be congenital or lack of supplemental feeding |
|
|
Term
| What is fading kitten syndrome? |
|
Definition
| dies in first 2 wks, usually mom is FeLV+ |
|
|
Term
| What is neonatal isoerythrosis? |
|
Definition
| body attacks its own RBCs because mom's blood type is different from kittens' |
|
|
Term
| Can neonatal isoerythrosis be treated? |
|
Definition
| remove kittens from mom and foster / hand-raise |
|
|
Term
| Body parts to examine on a neonate immediately post-whelping? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mouth abnormalities on a puppy: |
|
Definition
-bird tongue (can't nurse)
-cleft palate |
|
|
Term
| How might you suspect a puppy has cleft palate? |
|
Definition
| milk comes out nose when trying to nurse |
|
|
Term
| Why do cleft palate puppies often get sick? |
|
Definition
| -milk enters nasal passageways while feeding, can aspirate and cause pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What specifically about the limbs do you need to examine on a neonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-primary = cleft lip, can suture it up easily
-secondary = true cleft palate, usually requires euthanasia |
|
|
Term
| What breeds tend to get secondary cleft palate? What other congenital defect do these breeds sometimes get? |
|
Definition
-brachycephalic
-brachycephalic airway syndrome (palate goes back too far) |
|
|
Term
| The most common congenital heart defect in dogs is... |
|
Definition
| PDA (patent ductus arteriosus) |
|
|
Term
| What specifically is PDA? |
|
Definition
| persistent opening between aorta and pulmonary arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -surgery to close off PD, otherwise congenital heart failure by 2yo |
|
|
Term
| Congenital heart defect that does not involve ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to Dx atrial septal defect? |
|
Definition
| US- atrium and septum are connected, blood flows between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-congenital
-traumatic birth / umbilicus tearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-standing/sternal: see pouch
-dorsal: can feel divot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-umbilical: must fix
-inguinal: can leave it, or remove at spay/neuter |
|
|
Term
| What are portosystemic shunts? |
|
Definition
| functional vascular channel between liver portal circulation and systemic circulation, so liver doesn't filter blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seizures esp after meals bc ammonia build-up, stupor, slow growth, PU/PD, urate stones, vomiting, anorexia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increased bile acids
-rads
-portography (dye glows in rads) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-emergency measures to treat oxicity
-Sx to repair extrahepatic shunts
-low protein diet, lactulose limit toxic by-products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animal has no external anal opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-usually euthanasia
-can Sx create anus, but won't have muscle tone, etc |
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