1. Alkaline fluid - Neutralizes vaginal acidity

2. 1% Saline - Osmotic balance

3. Fructose - Food for sperm with 5 calories

4. Prostaglandins - Hormones that stimulate Male and Female muscle contractions

5. Fibrinogen - Helps sperm to "clot" when ejaculated

Fructose

5 calories

1. Seminal Plasm - antibiotic that is slightly acidic

Protects sperm and egg from infection

2. Citrate - For ATP production for sperm motility

1. Alkaline fluid - Neutralizes vaginal acidity

2. Mucous - Lubricates glans prior to ejaculaction for easier penetration.

1. Glans

2. Shaft

3. Corpora Cavernosa

4. Corpus Spongiosum 

1. Testicular ducts

2. Epididymis

3. Ductus Vas Deferens

4. Seminal vesicles

5. Prostate

6. Bulbul urethral gland

7. Penis 

Parasympathetic stimulation

1. The release of Nitric Oxide cause Penile Artery Dilation

2. Erectile tissues engorge with blood because Venus return is pinched closed

3. Trapped blood enlarges and stiffens the penis

(The entire reproduction tract of the male)

1. Testicular ducts

2. Epididymis

3. Ductus vas deferens

4. Seminal vesicles

5. Prostate

6. Ejaculatory duct

7. Urethra

Sympathetic stimulation

1. Urethral sphincter closes to prevent urination

2. Which initiates peristaltic contractions of smooth muscles that line:

a. Testicular ducts

b. Epididymis

c. Ductus vas deferens

d. Seminal vesicles

e. Prostate

f. Ejaculatory duct

g. Urethra

3. 2-5 mls of semen with 250-500 million sperm (60% motile) propel out at 200 inches per second

4. Simultaneous release of large doses of endorphins create a great sense of pleasure

Internal Structures

1. Ovaries

2. Uterine tube (fallopian tube)

3. Uterus

4. Vagina

External Structures

1. Labia Majora

2. Labia Minora

3. Clitoris

4. Vestibule

5. Vestibular glands

• Receptacle for penis and semen
• Canal for childbirth

1. Ovaries - Produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone

2. Uterine tube (fallopian tube) - Fertilization occurs with in 24-48 hours and then the tube carries the egg from the ovaries into the uterus

3. Uterus - Implantation and fetal development occurs

4. Vagina - Receptacle for penis and semen

Canal for child birth

Receives uterine secretions

1. Labia majora - Encapsulates and protects other external structures such as the clitoris

2. Labia minora - Encapsulates and protects vaginal and urethral openings

3. Clitoris - Similar to glans penis for sexual pleasure

4. Vestibule - Located between the vagina and urethral opening

5. Vestibular glands - Similar to bulbul urethral gland by secreting mucous liquid to facilitate in penile penetration

Parasympathetic stimulation

1. Clitoris engorges with blood causing it to enlarge and stiffen

2. Vagina expands and elongates

3. Vestibular glands secrete

4. Labia engorges with blood and swells

Sympathetic stimulation

1. Vagina swells creating increased friction for the penis

2. Peristaltic contractions help to propel sperm toward the cervical opening

3. Simultaneous release of large dose of endorphins crease a sense of pleasure

For female maturation and

secondary sex characteristics

To stimulate breast growth and 

the female cycle

1. FSH

2. LH

3. Estrogen

4.Progesterone

FH - stimulates maturation of the follicle

LH - stimulates egg release (ovulation)

Estrogen - stimulates uterine wall development

Progesterone - advance uterine wall development to becoming more grandular and vascular

The dividing fertilized egg releases HCG

Which stimulates an increase in the release of estrogen and progesterone

Which interrupts the menstrual cycle throughout pregnancy

1. Cleavage period

2. Pre-embryo 

3. Embryonic

4. Fetal

5. Neonatal

6. Infancy

7. Childhood

8. Adolescence

9. Adult

10. Senescence 

Placenta

Umbilical cord

Amnionic sac

Testes <--> Ovaries

Glans <--> Clitoris

Bulbul urethral gland <--> Vestibular gland

Vas deferens <--> Uterine tube

Erectile tissues <--> Labia

1. Upon fertilization, the dividing cell from the fertilized egg produces HCG

2. Secretion of HCG increases rapidly during the first 12 weeks and then tapers off to low levels

3. HCG stimulates an increase in the production of estrogen and progesterone by the mother which continues until child birth

4. The effect of this increase is to interrupt the 28 day cycle during pregnancy

12 weeks each

1st trimester

• Early development of all organ systems
• Most critical stage for mother to monitor nutrition (Alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc...)
• 75% of miscarriages occur

2nd trimester

• Some organ systems completing development
• Fetus is taking great control of mother's body

3rd trimester

• Most demanding on the mother
• Fetus gain 70% of weight
• Taxes mother's cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems
• High levels of stress can increase chance of premature labor 

To the uterine wall on mother's side

and to the umbilical cord on the fetus's side

Separates the two tissue types 

and

separate mother and fetal blood vessels

CO2 and O2

Cellular wastes

hormones

glucose

calcium

alcohol

antibodies

viruses

other small molecular substances

NOT immunity

It detaches from the uterine wall and is delivered after birth...

first the fetal component then the mother's component

1. Pancake shaped structure of which is produced by the mother on one side and the fetus on the other side.

2. It's attached to the uterine wall on mother's side and the umbilical cord on the fetus's side.

3. Becomes fully functional at the end of the 1st trimester.

4. Membrane barrier separates the 2 tissue types as well as the mother and fetal blood vessels

5. CO2 and O2, cellular wastes, hormones, glucose, calcium, alcohol, antibodies, and other small molecular substances pass through the barrier.

6. Placenta detaches at birth from the uterine wall and is delivered as after birth.

To supply nutrients to the embryo during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of development

and

To produce red blood cells from the 3rd to 6th week of development

1. Develops from the hallow chambers of the blastocyst on the 8th day, just after implantation

2. Functions to supply nutrients to the embryo during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of development

3. and produces red blood cells during the 3rd to 6th week of development

Shock absorber

fetal temperature regulator

protects fetus from abrasion

dehydration

Just before birth

"water breaks"

Bacterial

Viral

Parasites

1. Chlamydia

2. Ghonnorea

3. Syphilis

Chlamydia

causes pelvic inflammatory disease in females

1. AIDS

2. Genital herpes

3. Genital warts

Human Papilloma Virus

(HPV)

1. Barriers and spermicides

2. Hormones

3. Methods

4. Surgery

90% effectiveness when used properly

82% average

Condoms

diaphragm, cervical cap, vaginal pouch

IUD

sponge and foam

IUD

Inter-Uterine Device

Pill

Injections

Progesterone implants

Morning after pill

RU486

Depo provara

3 month intervals

Norplant

Lasts up to 5 years

RU486

With in 7 weeks

1. Rhythm

2. Symo-thermal

3. Withdrawal

4. Abstention

Rhythm

75% effective

Sympo-thermal

80% effective

Withdrawing prior to ejaculation

82% effective

Vasectomy

and 

Tubal ligation

Barriers and Spermicides

Condoms - Male latex barrier

Diaphragm, cervical cap, vaginal pouch - Barriers to cervical opening

IUD - Prevents implantation

Sponge and foam - Spermicides

Hormones

Pill - Daily dose of estrogen and progesterone

Injections - Depo Provara - 3 month intervals

Progesterone implants - Norplant - up to 5 yrs

Morning after pill - Within 72 hrs of intercourse

RU486 - With in 7 weeks

Methods

Rhythm - Periodic abstention during ovulation - 75% effective

Sympo-thermal - Monitoring vaginal temp and secretions 80% effective

Abstention - 100% effective

Surgery

Vasectomy - 75% reversal rate

Tubal ligation - 40-50% reversal rate

1/2

haploid

On the X or Y chromosome

pair 23

Monosomy

and

Trisomy

Replacing defective genes with normal ones and inserting them into nucleus of cells

These "repaired cells" are then reintroduced into the bodies of the affected person

Complete dominance

Incomplete dominance

Codominane

Sex linked

Multiple alleles

Multiple Alleles 

example: blood types