Term
MALE REPRO SYSTEM:
[image]
1) Where are testes contained?
2) The _ is a bent tube which gives rise to a duct called _ _
3) Where do the seminal vesicles sit? (direction/surface of what)
4) What structure is found inferior to bladder?
5) What is the role of ejaculatory duct?
6) _ gland is embedded w/in the _ muscles, and releases secretion to _ urethra
7) What covers bladder and anterior side of rectum? In dong so, it forms a ?? between them called ??. Why is this important to note? |
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Definition
1) Scrotum
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2) Epididymis, Vas deference
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3) On Posterior aspect of bladder (I.e. BASE)
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4) Prostate
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5) Carries semen INTO prostatic urethra
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6) BULBOURETHRAL, Perennial, penile
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7) PERITONEAL REFLECTIONS cover them and form a pouch between them called RECTOVESICLE pouch. This is the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity in MALES |
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Term
Clinical significance of Retrovesicle pouch (MALE):
What will happen if excess pus or fluid is released into peritoneal cavity?
(Where will it gather/ what will doctors do - where?) |
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Definition
| It will likely gather here. If doctors need to take a sample or drain the cavity, they will access this pouch by sticking a needle up the anal canal, through the rectum to the pouch. The distance b/w this pouch and anus is ~7 cm. |
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Term
SCHEMATIC VIEW OF TESTES:
[image]
*Know labels*
1) T of F: Testes produces fluid to mobilize sperm
2) T or F: Testes is a gland that produces testosterone and sperms
3) Tunica Albulgenia:
- what kind of tissue is it?
- what does it surround?
- What does its capsule do? (2 things)
4) 1-3 tortuous tubes called _ _ are contained in _ of the testes and they produce _
5) How many lobules do males have?
6) Name the duct system embedded within testes
7) Describe structure/function in Q6^
8) Recall the bent tube Epididymis:
- Length? (coiled and uncoiled)
- What does it cover only? (_ aspect of what)
9) Name part of epididymis based on description:
i - very end
ii - receiving efferent ductules
iii - sits posterior to testes |
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Definition
1) FALSE. This is produced by other glands
2) TRUE
3) Tunica Albulgenia:
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Surrounds testes
- Capsule: sends some SEPTAE into tissue of testes & divided testes tissue into smaller regions called LOBULES
4) seminiferous tubules, lobules, SPERM
5) 200-300
6) Rete testis
7) Rete testis: A network of microscopic tubes. Receives sperm from seminiferous tubule --> pass sperm to epididymis through short ducts called EFFERENT DUCTULES
8) Epididymis:
- Coiled: 5 cm, uncoiled: 6 m
- Posterior aspect of testes
9) Epididymis:
i - Tail
ii - Head
iii - Body |
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Term
Just to concrete the route...
Describe path of sperm from production to epididymis
FINISH THIS CARD |
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Definition
| Sperm produced in seminiferous tubules -> passed to Rete testis -> gets to epididymis through efferent ductules |
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Term
| Q: What’s the point of having such a long epididymis tube? |
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Definition
| Sperms as they are produced in testes are not mature yet, they mature throughout the epididymis as they travel for ~64 days |
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Term
1) At what point in the sperm production route, is sperm mature?
2) What structure does it get passed to after this?
3) And the route after this till bladder?
4) What 4 things are wrapped up in several layers of connective tissue here? What is this wrap called? |
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Definition
1) By the end of EPIDIDYMIS
2) DUCTUS DEFERENS
3) Back to abdominal cavity → pelvic region → behind bladder.
4) Ductus deferens, blood vessels, lymph vessels & nerves. This is called SPERMATIC CORD. |
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Term
POSTERIOR PENIS & ASSOCIATED GLANDS:
[image]
*Go over labels*
1) What happens after Ductus deferens enters pelvic cavity? (...dilation where? called what?)
2) What does ductus deferens join to? (duct of ...).
- What happens here?
- This union is called? (structure) which then goes into...? |
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Definition
1) It travels on side of posterior surface of bladder and dilates just medial to seminal vesicles. This dilation is called AMPULLA.
2) Ductus deferens joins to duct of SEMINAL VESICLE.
- Here, fluid produced by seminal vesicle is added to the sperm.
- Union = EJACULATORY DUCT. This then penetrates PROSTATE and opens into PROSTATIC urethra |
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Term
POSTERIOR PENIS & ASSOCIATED GLANDS con't:
[image]
1) Which urethra section has tons of tiny ducts releasing secretions of prostrate directly to itself?
2) T or F: Prostate produces ~60% of fluid of semen and the remaining 40% fluid is produced by seminal vesicle, which also releases the fluid to prostatic urethra by ejaculatory duct
3) What other gland adds a little bit more fluid to the semen, later on?
- Where is this gland embedded? (aka)
- At which point / through what does it add more fluid? |
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Definition
1) Prostatic urethra
2) FALSE. Prostate produces ~40% of fluid of semen and the remaining 60% fluid is produced by seminal vesicle, which also releases the fluid to prostatic urethra by ejaculatory duct.
3) BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS (there's two! duh)
- Embedded in muscular membrane aka perennial muscles
- AFTER prostate and seminal vesicles. Through the spongy urethra |
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Term
STRUCTURE OF PENIS:
[image]
ROOT:
1) Where does the ROOT (first of 2 main penis divisions) attach? (2)
2) What tissue is it composed of?
- explain this tissue's structure (makeup and connection)
- Whats happening to this tissue upon erection?
- Where else is this tissue found? (3) |
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Definition
1) Root = Attached to inferior surface of pelvic floor muscles and pelvic bone
2) ERECTILE tissue
- Very specialized connective tissue formed by million of tiny chambers and connected together just by sponge.
- Chambers get inflated with blood!
- Also found in fingertips, lips and nipples...all the good good |
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Term
STRUCTURE OF PENIS con't:
[image]
ROOT:
1) How many erectile tissues are there (in penis)? Name and attachment site.
2) Where do these tissues continue into? |
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Definition
1) There are THREE: one BULB OF PENIS and two CRUS OF PENIS
- Bulb of penis: attached to inferior surface of pelvic floor muscles
- Crus of penis (2): attached to ischeal pubic ramus
2) The erectile tissues continue into the SHAFT (second of 2 main penis divisions) |
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Term
STRUCTURE OF PENIS con't:
[image]
SHAFT:
1) Name the continuation of the bulb here and it's general structure
2) Name the continuation of the two crus here and it's general structure
3) Looking closer at cross section of urethra...
The last part is contained w/in _ _ and is called the _ _
4) The expansion of what forms glans of penis?
5) T or F: Glans of penis cover and expand into corpus cavernosum
6) The _/_ has _ glands here produce a _ material that lubricates the glans |
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Definition
1) Corpus spongiosum = a cylindrical erectile tissue
2) Corpi cavernosum(2) = two cylindrical erectile tissues
3) corpus spongiosum, spongy urethra
4) The DISTAL end of CORPUS SPONGIOSUM forms glans of penis
5) FALSE. Glans of penis cover BUT DO NOT EXPAND into corpus cavernosum
6) Foreskin / PREPUCE, sebaceous, waxy |
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Term
FEMALE PELVIS, sagittal view:
[image]
1) The _ ("sheath") is a _ tube that connects _ to _
2) T or F: Uterus is an intra-peritoneal organ
3) This pouch sits b/w bladder and uterus (hint: recall vesica=bladder) and is exclusively in females
4) This pouch (aka) is b/w rectus and uterus. What is special about this pouch (clinical)? |
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Definition
1) Vagina, muscular, uterus -> vagina
2) TRUE
3) Uterovesical pouch
4) Rectouterine (Douglas) pouch. It is the DEEPEST part of female peritoneal cavity in females (1st option for fluid removal – either by going through anus or vagina). |
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Term
POSTERIOR VIEW OF UTERUS:
[image]
1) Name the first part of uterine tube
- structure? grabs what, when i.e....?
- What happens if there is not enough oestrogen? (hint: sterility)
2) What is the funnel called after the first part of the uterine tube
3) What length of the uterine tube does the Ampulla make up? What happens here, 90% of the time?
4) Name the narrowing part of uterine tube that opens to lumen
5) What shape is the lumen? |
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Definition
1) FIMBRIAE
- finger-like projections that grab ovaries. @ Time of ovulation (I.e. presence of enough oestrogen)
- the fimbriae will try to grab the released egg cell – if there is not enough oestrogen, there is a big risk for the ovulated egg cell to not be picked up and will fall into the abdominal cavity. Sterile people will not have enough movement of fimbria to pick up egg cell.
2) Infundibulum
3) Ampulla = lateral 2/3 of tube (total length of tube is ~10 cm)
4) Isthmus
5) Reverse triangle |
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Term
POSTERIOR VIEW OF UTERUS con't:
[image]
1) Match uterus division with description
a) Fundus
b) Body
c) Cervix (neck!)
d) Internal os
e) external os
i) distal part of uterus that extends to vagina
ii) mid part b/w fundus and cervix
iii) opening connecting cervical cavity to vagina
iv) The part of the uterus that sits ABOVE the entrance point of uterine tube
v) opening that connects uterine cavity (lumen) to cervical canal/cavity
2) Which epithelium lines the lumen and cervical canal?
3) Which epithelium lines the vaginal canal?
4) Clinical significance of cervix? (specifically external os's epithelium) |
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Definition
1)
a) -- iv
b) -- ii
c) -- i
d) -- v
e) -- iii
2) Simple columnar epithelium
3) Stratified squamous epithelium
4) Cervix (specifically the external os) has these two types of epithelium joining together (simple columnar and stratified squamous) so this part of cervix has a high risk for malignancy, majority of cervical cancers happen here!!! |
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Term
| OVARIES: [image] 1) Where do they sit? How is this structure separated from it's counterpart? ____ From Majid's blanket performance: 2) During uterus development (which happens _ to peritoneum) it pushes itself _ as it grows and raises _ layers of peritoneum on each side called _ _, which is stretched b/w _ and _ wall. 3) Ovaries are attached to _ layer of _ ligaments _____ |
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Definition
1) Sit in true pelvis. This is seperated from false pelvis by superior pelvic apeture (true is below)
2) deep, up, two, broad ligaments, uterus, pelvic. 3) posterior, broad |
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Term
OVARIES con't:
[image]
4) Name three other structures (other than broad ligaments) hold ovaries in place?
(Describe connection of one, the structure of the other and the structure + five contents of the third)
5) Name the 3 smaller divisions of borad ligaments + what their blood vessels supply
6) Uterosacral and Lateral Cervical ligaments are crucial to what? What if they get shortened or lengthened?
7) Uterosacral ligament goes from ? --> ? and pulls the cervix __?
8) Lateral cervical ligament: crucial in stabilizing position of _, arrises from _ and _ _, run _ (position) in coronal plane to _ |
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Definition
4)
- OVARIAN LIGAMENT: connects ovary to uterus
- SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT: another peritoneal fold that carries blood vessels and nerves to supply ovaries
- BROAD LIGAMENT: made up of two layers of peritoneum. Contained w/in these layers are uterus, uterine tubes, blood vessels, ureters, round ligaments!
5)
- MESOSALPINX: carries blood vessels for uterine tubes (note: salpinx = any tubular structure)
- MESOVARIUM: carries blood vessels for ovaries
- MESOMETRIUM: carries blood vessels for uterus
6) Crucial to stabilizing and holding uterus & vaginal canal in a very specific position. ANY change (shortening etc.) could lead to STERILITY
7) Uterosacral: uterus -> sacrum. Pulls cervix POSTERIORLY
8) vagina, cervix, vaginal canal, laterally, pelvis |
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Term
OVARIES con't:
[image]
*******EXAM QUESTION*****
What structure is homologous to male vas deferens?
Describe path:
arises from _ → heads to _ _ → passes through _ _ → exits _ → anchors in _ tissue of _ _! Yay! |
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Definition
ROUND LIGAMENT OF UTERUS:
uterus, abdominal wall, inguinal canal, abdomen, connective, labia majora |
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Term
ANGLES OF FEMALE PELVIS:
[image]
1) Name the ~125º angle, formed b/w what two things?
2) Name the ~90º angle, formed b/w what two things?
3) Why are they clinically important?
4) Which one is more clinically important (although both are)? |
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Definition
1) Angle of ANTIFLEXTION, formed b/w axis of uterine body and cervix
2) Angle of ANTEVERSION, formed b/w axis of cervix and vagina
3) Changes in these angles prevent fertilization b/c it prevents sperm entry. Surgery can adjust length and fix this
4) Anteversion |
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Term
OUTSIDE VUVLA:
[image]
1) Name gap between labia minora. What opens here?
2) What is guarded partially by hymen?
3) Where do we find the two small ducts that produce lubrication? (directional). What are they called? |
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Definition
1) VESTIBULE. Urethra opens here.
2) VAGINAL ORIFICE
3) Posterior and slightly lateral to vaginal orifice we find the VESTIBULAR GLANDS |
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Term
ERECTILE PARTS (skin removed):
[image]
1) How are erectile tissue arrangement in females very similar to males?
2) T or F: females have a bulb of vestibule analogous to bulb of penis
3) Name the other two erectile tissues, how they extend (direction) and what they form
4) What glands are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males? What are they slightly behind and deep to? |
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Definition
1) Clitoris has a body and root like the penis
2) FALSE. Females have TWO bulbs of vestibules (that ARE erectile tissues like bulb of penis)
3) TWO Crus of clitoris: they extend ANTERIORLY and form the BODY OF THE CLITORIS
4) GREATER VESTIBULAR GLANDS. Slightly behind and deep to bulb of vestibule |
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Term
MAMMARY GLANDS:
[image]
1) A modified what?
2) What does the areola carry that produces what? why?
3) What do we find deep to the skin? What is embedded here (also embedded in fat)?
4) What do we find deep to thing in Q3)^
- covered by a layer of _ _
- there are some _ stretched b/w this deep fascia and the surface of the skin, collectively named _ _ |
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Definition
1) Sweat gland that doesn't sweat. ~Milk, guuuuurl - it does a body guuud~
2) Areola carries special sebaceous glands that produce wax to keep area moist and soft to protect nipple from suckling
3) Hypodermis, inside: Glandular tissue
4) PECTORALIS MAJOR (muscle)
- deep fascia
- septae, SUSPOENSORY LIGAMENTS (size and shape of breast depend on their length!) |
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Term
MAMMARY GLANDS con't:
[image]
5) _ ligaments & _ divide glandular tissue into smaller chunks called _ which are independent
6) Name the duct inside of each lobe
- What does it produce?
- What happens structurally to it before opening at tip of nipple? (explain clinical significance for bacteria)
- How many lobes + associated opening at tip of nipple?
7) At what rib levels do breast sit?
8) Innervation of breasts? |
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Definition
5) Suspensory, septae, lobes
6) LACTIFEROUS DUCT:
- produces milk
- It dilates. A little bit of milk will always stay here during lactation. This welcomes bacterial growth if bacteria can get through the nipple opening. Bad infection could result in surgery but since all lobes are INDEPENDENT, the doctor might only have to remove one!
- 20 LOBES = 20 NIPPLE OPENING
7) Rib 2 - 6
8) innervated by INTERCOSTAL NERVES from T4-T6 |
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Term
NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: Breasts
1) The branches of _ thoracic artery, _ & _ intercostal arteries, and _ artery supply blood for breasts
2) Which (#) intercostal nerves supply general senses to skin of breast? These nerves also carry which fibres to supply the smooth muscle fibres in the wall of blood vessels/areola/nipple?
3) Which hormone from the anterior pituitary/hypothalamus controls SECRETION of milk?
4) Which hormone from the anterior pituitary/hypothalamus controls EJECTION of milk? |
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Definition
1) Internal, posterior, anterior, axillary
2) 4-6
- these nerves also carry SYMPATHETIC FIBRES to the wall
3) Prolactin
4) Oxytocin |
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Term
BLOOD SUPPLY: Male & Female repro organs
1) The gonadal branches from which artery supply testes & ovaries?
2) Which branches of the internal iliac artery supply the rest of internal and external repro organs? Which organs does this include? (4) |
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Definition
1) Gonadal branches from ABDOMINAL AORTA
2) VISCERAL branches from internal iliac artery. Supply penis, prostate, vagina and uterus |
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Term
| NERVE: Male & Female repro organs 1) What plexuses are related to the gonadal arteries? What do they innervate? - Sympathetic inputs? (hint: lll) - Parasympathetic inputs? (hint: 1 - the only spot for these!) 2) What plexus innervates the remaining organs (from last Q card) - Sympathetic inputs? (hint: lll s) - Parasympathetic inputs? (hint: same as gonads) |
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Definition
| 1) Autonomic plexuses innervate gonads - Symph: Lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnic nerves - Para: Pelvic splanchnic nerves 2) Inferior hypogastric plexuses - Symph: Lesser, least, Lumbar & Sacral splanchnic nerves - Para: Pelvic splanchnic nerves |
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