males primary organ

contain skeletal and small muscle fibers

regulate temp for sperm prod.

must be 2-3 degrees cooler (body temp)

as embryo, develop next to kidneys

fetus: slowly descend

7th month: pass thru inguinal canal in abdominal wall into scrotum

1"x2" each

produce gamete-sperm 300 mill/day

divisions of testes

200-300

internal compartments

where sperm is produced

2-3 tightly coiled in each lobule

each tubule is 31"-all together- 1/2 mile of seminiferous tubule

process of making sperm

takes 9 weeks 

produce testosterone

large interstitial cells contained in space between tubules 

(spermatogonium)

stem cells; precursor cells to mature sperm

release inhibin (decrease rate of spermatogenesis)

secrete fluid which moves immobile sperm to ducts

The spermatocyte arising by a growth phase from a spermatogonium.

original large diploid cell into which a spermatogonium develops

mature male germ cell that develops in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

• survive ~48 hrs following ejaculation
• 1 ml of ejaculate = 100 mill sperm
• structure:
• head
• flat
• contain chromosomes
• acrosome (cap) -enzymes for penetration into egg
• midpiece-contains mitochodria - provides energy for moving flagellum
• tail-flagellum

one of a pair of long, tightly coiled ducts that carry sperm from the seminiferous tubules of the testes to the vas deferens.

maintains conditions for 

• absorbing cellular debris
• provide nutrients
• recycles damaged or abnormal sperm

takes 2 weeks to pass thru epididymus where they complete physical maturation 

vas deferens

where mature sperm enter

16"-18"

function: moves sperm to urethra during sexual arousal 

wider than ductus epididymis

w/i spermatic cord

can store sperm for months

attached to each testis

contains CT, muscle tissue around ductus deferens, BVs, lymph vessels, nerves

• secretes citric acid-ATP production
• enzymes-breakdown clotting proteins
• antibiotic solution

• secrete seminal fluid
• alkaline-neutralizes acid
• fructose- provides ATP
• prostaglandins- sperm mobility, viability, & stimulates contractions w/i a female

close to urethra

• alkaline fluid to neutralize acids in urine
• mucous-lubrication 

• common tube for urine
• & semen
• 6-8" (not 12")
• thru prostate
• ends at urethral orifice

2-5 ml of semen

• consist of spermatozoa-mature cell
• normal sperm count=20-100 mill/ml
• seminal fluid-tota secretions from seminiferous tubules, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, & bulbourethral glands 

tubular organ, surrounds urethra

• functions:
• conducts urine to exterior
• introduces semen into vagina during sex
• 3 regions
• root-attaches penis to body
• body-shaft-contain erectile tissue
• glans-expanded end, surround external urethral orifice

surrounds uretha

smaller midventral mass

keeps it open during ejaculation

during arousal-involuntary nerve impulese cause reales of nitric oxidide-vasodilator-blood flows into tissue

penis become engorged

gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH)

from hypothalamus

causes ant. pit. to release FSH & LH

hormonal reg. of spermatogenesis

causes leygig cell tp release Ts

maintais sperm production (increased)

from sertoli cellsin testis

inhibits inc. sperm prod.

actual sperm prod. levels determined by balance of versus evels FSH & LH

from leydig cells in testes

• orgazational effect-creates male phenotype during embryonic development
• exposure to Ts channel embryo to become male
• must occur w/i specific time window
• activational effect-occurs at puberty & beyond
• production of male secondary sexual traits
• stimulation of male sexual behavior 

functions:

produces sex hormones (estrogen &progesterone)

produce large gametes (ova-eggs)

support, protect developing embroyo

feed newborn

the female sex organ that makes eggs and female hormones

at ovulation releases 2^o oocyte 

protective covering around each 1^o oocyte

the oocyte and its encasing, at any stage in its development

ruptured follicle

secretes progeterone 

connect ovaries to uterussite of fertilization (w/i 12-24 of ovulation) &early development

cilia w/i tube & contactions move ovum to uterus 

womb

1^o site of embryonic development 

body

endometrum

myometrium

perimetrium

cervix

blood rich lining 

embryo attaches here to support development

changes depending on menstrual cycle

opening at base of uterus to vagina

normally acts as a barrier to the passage of sperm

during ovulation, secretes mucin

prod. of female gametes

1. egg-enclosed by follicle cell
1. FSH activates follicles each month
2. cycle begins- activated follicle develops into 1^o follicle
1. follice develop and zona pellucida form around oocyte
3. follicle enlarges w/ fluid- now 2^o follicle
4. 8-10 days-ovaries contain one 2^o follicle 
1. 10-14 days-mature follicle-cause bulge on surface of ovary
5. ovulation- 14th/28 day cycle-release 2^o oocyte (drawn into fallopian tube)
6. empty follicle collapses, forms corpus luteum 

**if pregnancy doesn't occur, after 12 days, corpus luteum will breakdown-end of ovarian cycle

but corpus luteum activates another set of follicles to start next cycle 

1. menstruation
2. proliferate phase
3. secretary phase 

breakdown & degeneration of endometrium

• day 1-7
• corpus luteum disintegrates & triggers menstruation
• broken BV release blood, endometrial tissue, & glands break away into uterine chamber & pass into vagina
• 50-150 ml of blood loss

• day 8-13
• surviving epithelial cells multiply & spread across endometrium 
• increase in hormone levels & growth of another set of ovarian follicle tigger this stage 
• ends w/ ovulation
• day 14- endometrium is repaired & filled w/small arteries, endometrial glands are secreting a gycogen-rich mucus

• day 15-28
• after ovulation
• preparing endometrium to recieve fertilized ovum
• corpus l. stim. endometrial glands to enlarge & secrete more
• phase continues as long as the corpus l. remains intact  
• if egg is not fertilized corpus l. will disintegrate & cycle will end-initiating new cycle

muscular tube betw uterus and external genitalia

lines with folds of mucous membrane (rugae)

walls-many blood vessels & small muscle

live in vagina and and survive of nutrients from mucous secreted by cervix

keep pH 3.5-4.5 (acidic) prevents pathogenes

ant. to urethral opening

projects into vestibule

equivalent to penis

contains erectile tissue

lactiferous glands within the breasts

apocrine gland 

milk production

stimulated by prolactin

pigmented area around nipple

glands-release lubrication

• betw fatty tissue
• seperated into lobes (15-20)-each containing several secreting lobules
• ducts from lobules merge into a sinus-empties into a lactiferous duct

bands of CT around lobes 

support breast

GnRH

FSH

follicular cells enlarge and release estrogens

estrogen

• **estrogen levels raise-inhibits GnRH, FSH
• increase estrogen
• support follicular development &maturation
• 2nd week of ovarian cycle-sharpe increase in estroge and follicle enlarge
• by day 14-estrogen peeks-follicle is mature, ant. pit. releases a large amt. of LSH-triggers ovulation

ant pit

causes follicles to develop into 1^o follicles

1. stim. bone & muscular growth
2. maintain females 2^o sex characteristics
1. body, hair, where adipose tissue is deposited
3. sexual bahaviors & drive
4. maintain reproductive glands & organs
5. indicates repair & growth
6. of endometrium
7. lowers blood cholesterol

LH

CL begine to make hormone

progesterone

estrogens

relaxin

inhibin

• prepares uterus for pregnancy by stimulating growth of endometrium
• stimulates metabolic activates- increase body temp

inhibits cintractions (myometrium)

CL 

Inhibin

inhibits FSH

CL

• CL-non-functional & progesterone & estrogen decrease
• results in an increase in FSH & LH-cycle restarts 

• decrease in progesterone & estrogen results in menstruation
• menstruation stops-when estrogen levels increase & cause regeneration of endometrium 
• progesterone & estrogen levels increasing in postovulatory phase-cause thickening of endometrium (prepares uterus for arrival of embryo)

• 1 in 8 women
• some in genetic predisposition
• 2 forms
• ductal 85%
• lobular 15%
• monthly self exams

most common cancer betw age 20-35

spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules

monthly self exams 

endometriosis

• endometrium outside uterus
• prolonged menstruation
• pain
• cause infertility

• benign tumors in myometrium
• excessive bleeding
• enlarged uterus
• trouble contractions during childbirth

• the clap
• bacterium
• spread by unprotected sex
• can be infected w/o symptome & spread disease
• not treated, can spread to throat, joints, & eyes (potential blindness)

• bacterium
• affects genitl tract, mouth, anus
• spread thru unproteced sex; it can also spread from infected mother to baby at birth
• silent infections, few symptoms; leading cause of infertility 
• in men, chronic infection can lead to sterility 

• caused by more than 30 types (strains) of human papillomavirus (HPV)
• spread by skin to skin cintact during sex; no need for penetration
• gardasil-new vaccine that protects against 4 strains of HPV which cause 70% of cervical cancer & 90% of genital warts
• vaccine available for use in girl/women 

• bacterium
• invades broken skin of genitals, mouth, or anus
• treat early-can be cured completely
• if not, it will then damage NS & heart leading to early death
• healed infection leaves no immunity

• herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV)
• painful blisters/sores-anogenital region
• spread by direct contact w/ lesions or mother to newborn w/ vaginal birth
• primary infection (2-12 days after exposure)last 1-2 weeks
• may have milder reoccurrences after being latent in sensory neurons
• incurable 
• other herpes HSV-1 around mouth, lip, nose, or face

• causes:
• 1) candida albicans (yeast infection)
• symptoms: itch, pain, or burning, w/ cottage cheese like discharge
• also found in males 
• treatment-topical creams
• trichomonas vaginalis 
• protozoan
• can infect males (prostate, s. vesicles, urethra_ & females (vagine, urethra)
• discharge, discomfort,painfl urination 
• 25-50% sexually active females, 5% males
• asymptomatic males serve as a reservoir