Term
| human growth hormone (hGH) |
|
Definition
* secreted by anterior pituitary
* target tissue - the liver
* principal actions - stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, and other tissues to synthesize and secret IGFs; IGFs promote growth of body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, lipolysis, and elevation of blood glucose concentration |
|
|
Term
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
Definition
* secreted by anterior pituitary
* target tissue - thyroid gland
* stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
* secreted by anterior pituitary
* target tissues - ovaries & testes
* in females, initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of estrogens / in males, stimulates testes to produce sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by anterior pituitary
* target tissues - ovaries & testes
* in females, stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum / in males, stimulates testes to produce testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by anterior pituitary
* together with other hormones, promotes milk secretion by the mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
* secreted by anterior pituitary
* regulates the adrenal cortex by controlling the secretion of cortisol with a daily cycle, limited control for aldosterone and sex hormones, secretion of ACTH controlled by releasing factor from hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
|
Definition
* secreted by anterior pituitary
* target tissue - cerebrum
* exact role in humans is unknown but may influence brain activity; when present in excess, can cause darkening of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by posterior pituitary
* target tissues - uterus & mammary glands
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete OT in response to uterine distension & stimulation of nipples
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of the uterus during childbirth; stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands to cause milk ejection |
|
|
Term
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
* secreted by posterior pituitary
* target tissues - kidneys, sudoriferous glands, arterioles
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete ADH in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume, pain, or stress; low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume, & alcohol inhibit ADH secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: conserves body water by decreasing urine volume, decreases water loss through perspiration, raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles |
|
|
Term
| triiodothyronine (T3) & thryoxine (T4) |
|
Definition
* secreted by thyroid gland
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: secretion is increased by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) which stimulates release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to low thyroid hormone levels, low metabolic rate, cold, pregnancy, and high altitudes; TRH and TSH secretions are inhibited in response to high thyroid hormone levels, high iodine level suppresses T3/T4 secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate synthesis of proteins, increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, increase lipolysis, enhance cholesterol excretion, accelerate body growth, and contribute to development of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by thyroid gland
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: high blood calcium levels stimulate secretion; low blood calcium levels inhibit secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: lowers blood levels of calcium and hydrogen phosphate by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
|
Definition
* secreted by parathyroid gland
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: low blood calcium levels stimulate secretion; high blood calcium levels inhibit secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: increases blood calcium and magnesium levels and decreases hydrogen phosphate level; increases bone resorption by osteoclasts; increases calcium reabsorption and hydrogen peroxide secretion by kidneys; and promotes formation of calcitriol (active form of Vit. D) which increases rate of dietary calcium and magnesium absorption |
|
|
Term
| mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosterone) |
|
Definition
* secreted by adrenal cortex
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: increased potassium level and angiotensin II stimulate secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: increase blood levels of sodium and water; decrease blood level of potassium |
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) |
|
Definition
* secreted by adrenal cortex
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: ACTH stimulates release; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) promotes ACTH secretion in response to stress and low blood levels of glucocorticoids
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: increase protein breakdown (except in liver), stimulate gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation, and depress immune responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by adrenal cortex
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: ACTH stimulates secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes, in females - contribute to libido & are source of estrogens after menopause |
|
|
Term
| epinephrine & norepinephrine |
|
Definition
* secreted by adrenal medulla
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine which stimulates secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: produce effects that enhance those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: decreased blood level of glucose, exercise, and mainly protein meals stimulate secretion; somatostatin and insulin inhibit secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: raises blood glucose level by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver (gluconeogenesis) and releasing glucose into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: increased blood level of glucose, acetylcholine (released by parasympathetic vagus nerve fibers), arginine and leucine (two amino acids), glucagon, GIP, hGH, and ACTH stimulate secretion; somatostatin inhibits secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis), and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, also increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by delta cells of pancreatic islets
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: pancreatic polypeptide inhibits secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by F cells of pancreatic islets
* CONTROL OF SECRETION: meals containing protein, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia stimulate secretion; somatostatin and elevated blood glucose level inhibit secretion
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by ovaries
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: together with gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary, regulate the female reproductive cycle, regulate oogenesis, maintain pregnancy, prepare the mammary glands for lactation, and promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by ovaries
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy and helps dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by ovaries
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by testes
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: stimulates descent of the testes before birth, regulates spermatogenesis, and promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by testes
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by stomach
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: promotes secretion of gastric juice and increases movements of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) |
|
Definition
* secreted by small intestine
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by small intestine
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by small intestine
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice, regulates release of bile from the gallbladder, and brings about a feeling of fullness after eating |
|
|
Term
| human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
|
Definition
* secreted by placenta
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: stimulates the corpus luteum in the ovary to continue the production of estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| estrogen/progesterone (placenta) |
|
Definition
* secreted by placenta
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: maintain pregnancy and help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk |
|
|
Term
| human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) |
|
Definition
* secreted by placenta
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: stimulates the development of the mammary glands for lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by kidney
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: part of a sequence of reactions that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by kidney
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: increases rate of red blood cell formation |
|
|
Term
| calcitriol (active form of Vit. D) |
|
Definition
* secreted by kidney
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: aids in the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
|
Definition
* secreted by heart
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: decreases blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* secreted by adipose tissue
* PRINCIPAL ACTIONS: suppresses appetite and may increase the activity of FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* extends from pubis, each sac contains a testes (gonad)
* in wall => circular band of skeletal muscle (cremaster) which functions to regulate temperature of the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* male organ of copulation, deposits sperm in the female
* distal end => glans penis, contains opening to urethra; "cuff" of tissue called the prepuce (removed during circumcision)
* internally, 3 longitudinal columns held together by fibrous bands /// 2 lateral columns => corpora cavernosa /// medial column => corpus spongiosum - provides passageway for urethra /// all 3 columns are composed of erectile tissue (spongy network of CT & smooth muscle w/ vascular spaces)
* arousal => arteries dilate & spaces fill with blood
* erections controlled by the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* makes male gametes, homologous to female ovary
* do not descend into scrotum until 7th month of pregnancy
* divided into lobules made up of seminiferous tubules (sperm factories)
* Sertoli cells => provide nourishment & support to sperm producing cells
* spermatogonia cells => diploid, involved in sperm production
* interstitial cells in the ECF produce testosterone
* seminiferous tubules drained by Rete testes which drain sperm into a duct system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* 1st part of duct system, posterolateral aspect of testes
* tightly coiled tube, takes sperm 20 days to travel through and mature, can be stored for several months
* ejaculation => sperm is moved from epididymis to ductus deferens |
|
|
Term
| ductus deferens (vas deferens) |
|
Definition
| * runs from scrotum into pelvic cavity & passes through inguinal canal => posterior wall of bladder => terminal end joins with a duct that drains the seminal vesicles => form a tube called ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* passes through prostate gland & empties into the urethra
* peristaltic waves move sperm / ejaculation stimulated by SNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* posterior wall of bladder, pouches
* secrete an alkaline fluid that permits the sperm to swim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* enclosed in a CT capsule
* produces secretions that assist the sperm
* hypertrophy => enlargement with age tends to put pressure on the urethra & men find it difficult to completely void urine |
|
|
Term
| Cowper's/bulbourethral glands |
|
Definition
| * below prostate, secrete a thick alkaline mucus that buffers any traces of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* sperm & secretions of accessory glands
* milky white & sticky
* chemicals that protect & activate sperm
* 2-5 ml produced with each ejaculation
* 50-150 million sperm per ml / anything below 20 ml is considered sterile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * contains the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and hymen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * most anterior, mound of adipose tissue on top of pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * 2 elongated folds that run posterior to mons pubis, homologous to scrotum in the male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * 2 thin folds of skin, medial to the majora, surround a space called vestibule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * homologous to the penis, composed of erectile tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * thin fold of mucous membrane, tremendous vascularization, covers opening to vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* urethra & vagina open into the vestibule
* greater vestibular, lesser vestibular, paraurethral => all drained by ducts opening into the vestibule, function to keep the wall of the vestibule moist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* in male and female
* floor of pelvic cavity, located between pubic arch and coccyx & ischial tuberosities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* female organ of copulation that receives sperm and functions as birth canal, normally collapsed, located between rectum & bladder
* mucous membrane lining has rugae & glycogen with a rich normal flora (ferment glycogen & create acid pH)
* smooth muscle in the wall gives it the ability to expand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* between bladder and rectum
* fundus => dome-shaped upper region // central region => body // narrow bottom portion => cervix
* uterine cavity => space in the body of the uterus
* cervical canal => passageway of cervix
* internal os => junction between uterine cavity & cervical canal
* external os => junction of cervical canal & vaginal canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* broad, uterosacral, cardinal/lateral, round
* position uterus anteriorly & superiorly over the bladder |
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of the uterine wall |
|
Definition
* perimetrium => serosa of the uterus
* myometrium => muscle layer (smooth), thickest of 3 layers, muscle laid down in 3 layers, thick in fundus and thins as you move toward the cervix
* endometrium => highly vascularized layer with 2 components => stratum functionalis, stratum basalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * layer closest to uterine cavity, shed during menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* adjacent to myometrium
* permanent
* job is to replace stratum functionalis after menstrual period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* cervical mucus (20-60 ml/day)
* at ovulation, thin & watery with alkaline pH
* at the rest of menstrual cycle, thick & viscous, physical barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* female gonad, upper part of pelvic cavity, ligaments: broad, ovarian, suspensory
* components:
1) germinal epithelium => outer layer of simple epithelium
2) tunica albuginea => white coat, thin layer of dense CT
3) stroma => framework CT, major portion of ovary, divided into cortex & medulla
- cortex => ovarian follicles, made up of oocyte covered follicle cells (egg, follicle cells produce estrogen) |
|
|
Term
| maturation of ovarian follicles |
|
Definition
* primary follicle => oocyte with layer of follicle cells, structure enlarges & a cavity forms with fluid (follicular fluid) => mature => Graafian follicle => at ovulation, Graafian follicle releases its oocyte
* after ovulation, what remains of Graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum (produces estrogen & progesterone for a # of days then stops & atrophies=> becomes corpus albicans) |
|
|
Term
| fallopian/uterine tubes/ oviducts |
|
Definition
* extend between ovaries and superior aspect of uterus
* passageway for egg & sperm
* most common site of fertilization
* do not physically attach to the ovary
* lumen has a diameter as wide as a strand of hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* begins at puberty and goes on constantly afterward
* spermatogonia (2N) undergo mitosis
- 1 daughter cell becomes a spermatogonia
- 1 daughter cell becomes a primary spermatocyte which undergoes meiosis
* MEIOSIS I - divides producing 2 secondary spermatocytes that are haploid (N)
* MEIOSIS II - 4 cells called spermatids (immature sperm cells) are haploid (N) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* spermatids mature, become compact & elongated with a flagella
* regions:
1) head => DNA & acrosome (bag of enzymes that helps the sperm to penetrate the egg)
2) midpiece => mitochondria (swimming)
3) tail => flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* production of ovum
* begins prior to birth, stops & resumes at puberty based on a cyclic basis and stops after a number of years
* oogonia (2N) undergo mitosis, both daughter cells become primary oocytes
* primary oocyte => MEIOSIS I => secondary oocyte (N) & polar body (N) => MEIOSIS II => ovum (N) + polar body & 2 polar bodies
* only ovum can function in fertilization
* polar bodies carry away DNA not needed for ovum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
* results in hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, dehydration, and low blood pressure
* life-threatening condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* hypersecretion of ACTH, cortisol, & aldosterone
* primary disorder of anterior pituitary
* causes electrolyte imbalances, increased tissue fluid, decreased tissue protein, hyperglycemia, & redistribution of body fat, masculinization in females |
|
|
