Term
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Definition
| Process by which a cell doubles its organelles and cytoplasm, replicates its DNA, and then divides in two |
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Term
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Definition
| The division and distribution of the cell's DNA to its 2 daughter cells that receive a complete copy of the original genome |
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Definition
| Before the initiation of mitosis, the cell undergoes Interphase. A cell spends 90% of its life in interphase. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS DURING INTERPHASE? |
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Definition
| Each chromosome is replicated. After replication, the chromosomes consist of sister chromatids held together at the centromere. Individual chromosomes are not visible and DNA is uncoiled and called chromatin. |
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Definition
1)G1- initiates interphase; the cell increases in size and synthesize proteins
2)S- period of DNA synthesis
3)G2- Cell prepares to divide; it grows and synthesize proteins
4)M-Cell division occurs (mitosis), resulting in 2 identical daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles separate and spindle fibers form between them |
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Term
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Definition
| Spindle fibers attach to centromere of chromatids and align the chromosomes down the middle of the cell |
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Definition
| Centromeres split causing chromatids to separate, and chromatids are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell |
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Definition
| Spindle fibers disappear and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of newly formed chromosomes |
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Definition
| Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells, each with a complete nucleus and its own set of organelles |
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Term
| 2 DIFFERENCES BTWN PLANT CELL & ANIMAL CELL DIVISION |
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Definition
1) Plant cells lack centrioles so spindle fibers are not visible
2)Plant cells divide by forming a cell plate during cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which sex cells are produced. It involves 2 divisions of primary sex cells that results in 4 haploid cells called gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| Parent cell's chromosomes are replicated, resulting in 2N number of sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces 2 intermediate daughter cells with N chromosomes with sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear membrane disappears & homologous chromosomes come together in a process called SYNAPSIS.Sometimes homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points and exchange pieces of DNA in a process called CROSSING OVER. |
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Definition
| Homologous pairs align at equatorial plane, each attached to a spindle fiber by its kinetochore |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous pairs are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. This process is called DISJUNCTION because chromosomes of the paternal origin separate from chromosome of maternal origin and either chromosome can end up in the daughter cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus and each chromosome still consits of sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes align at the center, separate & move to opposite poles, and are surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The new cells have the haploid number of chromosomes and these cells become a functional gamete |
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Term
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE MECHANISMS |
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Definition
Asexual Reproduction is production of offspring without fertilization.
1) Fission- DNA replicates and a new plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward along the midline of cell dividing it into 2 cells with exact genome of parent
2)Budding-Cell membrane pinches inward to form a new cell that is genetically identical to parent
3)Regeneration-Regrowth of a lost or injured body part
4)Parthenogenesis-Development of an unfertilized egg into an adult |
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Term
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS |
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Definition
SPORE FORMATION: All plants go through alternation of generations in which diploid generations are succeeded by a haploid generation.
The diploid sporophyte generation produce haploid spores that develop into the haploid gametophyte generation |
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Term
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS |
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Definition
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION:
-Tissues in plants called meristems provide a source of cells that can develop into an adult plant. |
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Term
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS |
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Definition
Natural Vegetation Propagation: occur as a natural means of plant reproduction
1)Bulbs split to form several Bulbs
2)Tubers-underground stems with buds that develop into adult plants
3)Runners-stems that run above the ground that produce new roots and stems
4)Rhizomes- underground stems that can develop upright stems |
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Term
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS |
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Definition
| Artificial Vegetative Propagation: Humans use vegetative propagation in agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires the production of functional gametes, union of gametes to form a zygote, and development of zygote into an adult |
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Term
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Definition
-Specialized organs that produce the gametes.
-Male gonads = Testes. They produce sperm in seminiferous tubules.
-Female gonads = Ovaries, produce oocytes (eggs) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS DURING SPERMATOGENESIS? |
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Definition
1) Diploid cells called Spermatogonia differentiate into diploid primary spermatocytes
2)Primary Spermatocytes undergo 1st meiotic division to produce 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
3)Secondary spermatocytes undergo 2nd meiotic division to produce 4 haploid spermatids
4)Spermatids undergo changes to produce mature sperm called spermatozoa. Mature sperm has a head with a nucleus, an acrsome that contains enzymes, mitochondria, and a tail that propels |
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Term
| MALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY |
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Definition
Testes are located in the scrotum.
Sperm passes from testes to vas deferens to ejaculatory duct to the urethra.
Testes produce male hormone testosterone |
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Term
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY |
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Definition
The ovaries are found in the abdominal cavity below the digestive system.
The ovaries contain follicles that nourish & protect an immature ovum and produce estrogen.
The oviduct leads to the uterus and the uterus leads to the vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of female gametes |
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