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| the organ of sexual reproduction in angiosperms |
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| Flowers typically contain four types of highly modified leaves called..? |
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| what are the four types of floral organs? |
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Definition
-sepals
-petals
-stamens
-carpels |
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| enclose and protect flower bud |
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| showy; attract pollinators |
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Stamen-male reproductive structures
Carpels- Female reproductive structures |
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| What are the 2 parts of a stamen? |
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Definition
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Definition
| produces pollen, which house cells which develop into sperm |
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| "neck" that leads to ovary |
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Definition
| Houses ovules, which contain developing egg |
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| Angiosperm life cycle overview |
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Definition
-Fertilization occurs in the ovule; the fertilized egg develops into an embryo encased in a seed
-The ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in dispersal
-The seed germinates under suitable conditions to produce a seedling, which grows into a mature plant |
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| The development of pollen and ovules culminates in what? |
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Definition
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| Plant life cycles involve alternating ____ (2n) and _____ (n) generations |
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Definition
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Term
| the diploid generation is called the sporophyte: |
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Definition
-Specialized diploid cells in anthers and ovules undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores
-The haploid spores undergo mitosis and produce the haploid generation |
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Term
| The haploid generation is called the gemetophyte |
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Definition
| gametophytes produce gametes via mitosis |
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Term
| The male gametophyte is a pollen grain |
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Definition
-a cell in the anther undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores
-each spore divides via mitosis to produce two cells called the tube cell and generative cell
-a tough wall forms around the cells to produce a pollen grain
-pollen grains are released from the anther |
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Term
| The female gametophyte is an embryo sac |
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Definition
-a cell in the ovule undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores
-three of the spores degenerate
-surviving spore undergoes a series of mitotic divistions to produce the embryo sac
-one cell within the embryo sac is an egg ready for fertilization
-one central cell within the embryo sac has 2 nuclei and will produce endosperm |
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Term
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Definition
-transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
-pollen is carried by wind, water, and animals |
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Definition
-tube nucleus produces pollen tube, which grows down through the style to the ovary
-generative nucleus divides to produce 2 sperm |
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Definition
-one sperm fertilizes the egg to produce a zygote
-one sperm fuses with the central cell nuclei to prduce 3n endosperm
-endosperm nourishes the developing embryo |
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Term
| What does the ovule develop into? |
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Definition
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| The zygote divides many times via _____ to produce the embryo |
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Definition
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| What does the embryo consist of? |
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Definition
| tiny root and shoot, apical meristems and one or two cotyledons |
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| A tough ____ ____ develops |
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Definition
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-embryo growth and development are suspended
-allows delay of germination until conditions are favorable |
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Definition
-two cotyledons
-apical meristems lack protective sheaths
-endosperm absorbed by cotyledons
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Definition
-single cotyledon
-apical meristems have protective sheaths
-Endosperm is present |
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| What develops into a fruit? |
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Definition
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| Hormonal changes induced by fertilization trigger the ovary to develop into what? |
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Definition
| protect the seed and aid in dispersal |
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Term
| mature fruits may be fleshy or dry |
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Definition
-fleshy fruits- oranges, tomatoes, grapes
-dry fruits- beans, nuts, grains |
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Term
| The life cycle of a seed is continued by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-breaks seed dormancy
-begins when water is taken up
-eudicot seedlings shoots emerge from the soil with the apacal meristem "hooked" downward to protect it
-Monocot seedling shoots are covered by a protetive sheath and emerge straight from the soil |
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Term
| what are monocot seedling shoots covered by? |
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Definition
| a protective sheathh and emerge straight from the soil |
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Term
| Asexual reproduction produces what? |
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Definition
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| Most plants are capable of asexual reproduction producing genetically identical offspring (clones) |
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Definition
-production of clones via bulbs, root sprouts, and runners is common
-plants are often propagated by taking cuttings, which can produce roots
-plants can be cultured on specialized media in tubes |
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| Asexual reproduction can be advantageous in what kinds of environments? |
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Definition
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| Several adaptations allow some plants to live much longer than animals |
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Definition
-constant cell divistion in meristems can repair damage
-plants produce defensive compounds that protect them |
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