Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| production of sperm, in the testes, which is in the scrotum. occurs continually throughout a males life. |
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Term
| What are testes 2 functional components? |
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Definition
| Seminiferious Tubules & Interstitial Cells |
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Definition
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Definition
| Secrets the male sex hormone; testosterone |
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Definition
| Production of eggs in the ovaries, which are suspended in the abdominal cavity. begins before female is born. |
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Definition
| Produce oocytes & secrete sex hormone (estrogen, progesterone.) |
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Definition
| produce primary oocytes (300-400 thousand) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coiled tube, lies on the testes surface and carries the sperm to the vas derferns. |
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Term
| seminal fluid is produced by 3 glads.. |
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Definition
1.Semnial vesicles
2. Prostate
3. Cowpers |
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Term
| Seminal Fluid Has 4 Functions: |
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Definition
1. Serves as a vehicle for sperm
2. Lubricates passages
3. Provides chemical buffer against acids in femal gentials.
4. contains sugar to provide energy for sperm |
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Term
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Definition
1. Little structure
2. many mitochondria
3. long way to swim (needs sugars)
4. not much cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes don't separate properly during meiosis, ending with too many or too less chromosomes. |
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Definition
extra chrom 21, 47 in the zygote and every other cell.
Symptoms: low level intelligence, thickened eye lids, faulty speech. |
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Term
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Definition
A person with only 1X chrom, one gamete was missing a sex chrom, 45 chroms in all cells.
Symptoms: Will be female, sterile, short, webbed neck, problems with math and spatial relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
When a person has an extra sex chrom. XXY, 47 chroms in every cell. Cause: egg having 2X
symptoms: male, tall, sterile, lowered mental capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| usually a protein/steroid produced by one part of the body (gland) and alter activity of another part of the body, which is called Target Organ |
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Term
| FSH & LH cause ovaries to mature and begin secreting the 2 female hormones::? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Stimulates accessory reproductive structure (Increase the size of uterus and vagina)
2. causes dev of 2^o sexual characteristics: Breasts, pubic hair, broadening pelvis, voice, redistribution of body fat.
at this, the onset of the menstrual cycle is initiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| after bleeding, last 9-10 days, FSH causes follicle in the ovary to grow, producing more estrogen causing the uterine lining to thicken, when estrogen is high enough it stimulates via GNRH the sudden realease of LH from the pituitary gland. LH causes ovulation AKA the follicle ruptures and 2^o oocyte is released. |
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Term
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Definition
after the follicular: lasts 13-15 days. after ovulation the ruptured follicle differentiates into a yellowish mass called the Corpus Lutem.
CL: continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone.
if ferlization does not occur, CL begins to atrophy 11 days after ovulation, lowering progesterone levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| prepares the uterine lining to receive the embryo and inhibits secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary. hence preventing follicular growth and ovulation. IN BIRTH CONTROL |
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Term
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Definition
| after the luteal phase. 4-6 days progesterone levels fall, allowing FH &FSH secretion to begin again, part of the uterine lining is absorbed and the rest is shed thru menstruation. new follicle begins growing and cycle repeats |
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Term
| withdraw of sex hormones at the end of the luteal stage result in? |
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Definition
physiological and psychological disturbances:
1. Irritability
2. Depression
3. Nausea
4. Abdominal cramps. |
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Term
| menopause (40-50 yrs old) |
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Definition
i. The ovaries atrophy and the secretion of estrogen and progesterone fall to low levels.
ii. That also can cause physiological and psychological disturbances. |
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Term
| where does fertilization usually occur? |
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Definition
| Oviduct or Fallopian Tube |
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Term
| What 3 membranes are formed in Gastrulation? |
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Definition
1. Amnion
2. Chorion
3. Alantois |
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Term
| Amnion (membrane of gastrulation) |
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Definition
| filled with water and surrounds the embryo |
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Term
| Chorion (membrane of gastrulation) |
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Definition
fuse with the uterine lining, forming the placenta.
8 weeks- inch long embryo, then called a fetus, able to move and is recognizable as human.
14 weeks- 3 inches long, physio systems have developed. |
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Term
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Definition
1. blood vessels from the embryo are in close contact with the mothers.
2. allows nutrition in & waste out |
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Term
| Alantois (membrane of gastrulation) |
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Definition
| turns into umbilical cord |
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Term
| Coitus Interruptus (contraception) |
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Definition
| Removal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation |
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Term
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Definition
| Refrain from sex on the days when the secondary oocyte may be present. (clinical therm to determine) < 1 degree temp rise |
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Term
| Spermicidal Foams and Jellies |
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Definition
| Make the vagina more acidic which kill the sperm |
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Term
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Definition
1. Progesterone inhibits secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.
2. Prevents follicular growth and ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
1. membranous shield placed over the cervix before intercourse
2. has to be fitted by doctor, uncomfortable for the male. |
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Term
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Definition
Male- vasectomy-vas deferens is cut and tied, sperm remain in testes and reabsorbed, Ejaculation is normal, only seminal fluid is released.
Female- Tubal Ligation- oviducts are cut and tied. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes, AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria caused, symptoms appear 3-14 days after sex.
Only obvious in male -discharge from penis, painful urination.
Treated with large amounts of penicillin, restraint strains are common. |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria caused- 3 stages
1. Primary- 3 weeks after sex- painful sores, then disappear and no symptoms for 2-4 months
2. Secondary Stage- skin rash and infection of organs, could enter a latent period for life
3. Tertiary- Severe nervous and circulatory system damage even death. |
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Term
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Definition
| cold sores and fever blisters on the lips, can cause blindness. |
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Term
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Definition
Painful ulcers on the genitals, appear in 2-20 days (variable) painful ulcers may persist for 1-3 weeks
virus stays in nerve cells while its dorming
can cause meningitis.
Sunlight/sex/menstration/stress cause lesions to reoccur. |
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Term
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Definition
| ointment to treat herpes ulcer, also has tablet form which prevents outbreaks in 70% of patients. |
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Term
| AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome) |
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Definition
1. Human t-cell Lymph trophic virus 3
interferes w/ t-helper lymphocytes
2. lymphocytes are involved in immune systems response to infections and cancer.
3. Symptoms: rampet infections
ex: pneumonia & meningitis
4. Cancers
ex: Karposis Sarcoma
5. Incubation Period
highly variable
if exposed then HIV+
6. once symptoms appear, often leads to death.
7. Has to be in blood & can be passed on from mother to baby. |
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Term
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Definition
Characteristics of organisms are controlled by genes.
Genetics in the study of how genes control these chacteristics and how they are passed on from generation to generation.
all sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, 2 sets of chroms = 2 sets of genes for most characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of DNa that codes for a given polypeptide chain, aka a given protein, these proteins are controlled by characteristics that are displayed. |
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Term
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Definition
First person to study patterns of inheritance.
conducted experiments on garden peas.
his laws were not accepted until 1900 when 3 others concluded the same thing.
his laws are called Mendelian Genetics
Thought of a gene as a "particle" passed on from parent to offspring.
today we know genes are specific sequences of DNA nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| alternate forms of genes for the same characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| particular combination of genes or alleles in a given individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the way the combination of genes express themselves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allele that is masked and not expressed, only express themselves if the organism is homozygous recessive. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an organism is heterozygous for a given trait, the allele that is expressed is said to be dominant, the allele that is masked is recessive. |
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Term
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Definition
| when gametes are formed by a diploid organism the alleles that control a given trait separate from each other into different gametes and retain their individuality. |
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Term
| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| Members of one gene pair separate from each other independently of the members of other gene pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
chance an event will happen.
= to the # of possible events that can produce outcome, divided by the total # of outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic cross where 2 pairs of alleles or 2 characteristics are found from one generation to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when gene has more than 1 effect on the phenotype of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| causes the interstitial cells in the testes to produce more testosterone. |
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Term
| FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
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Definition
| fsh w/ testosterone causes the matcheration of the seminiphorus tubules. |
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Term
| GnRH Gonadotrophic releasing hormone |
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Definition
| acts on the pituitary gland, which is a "master" gland near the brain, causing pituitary to release LH & FSH |
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Term
| Increase of Testosterone causes 2 things: |
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Definition
1. Matcheration of the accessory of reproductive structure.
Ex: Penis & Testes
2. Secondary Sexual Characteristics.
ex: pubic hair, beard, deep voice, larger stronger muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
most mammals, rhythmic changes in the female reproductive tract.
in these mammals, female is receptive to the male only at certain times during a cycle. -ovulation
if not fertilized the uterian lining is reabsorbed. |
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Term
| Humans and higher primates differ from (estrous cycle) mammals in 2 ways: |
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Definition
1. The female is somewhat receptive to males at all times
2. If fertilization does not occur, the thickened uterian lining is shed thru menstruation. |
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Term
| Human menstrual cycle occurs how often? |
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Definition
| every 28 days, or apprx 13 times a year. |
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Term
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Definition
| solid ball of cells becomes hollow with an inner cell mass, embryo is 6 days old, ready for implantation. As implantation occurs, embryo undergoes gastrulation. |
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Term
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Definition
egg- viable for 1 day
sperm- viable for 2
As zygote travels down fallopian tube, it divides by mitosis into smaller and smaller cells. eventually a solid ball of cells is formed, called the Morula stage.
then entering bastula stage. |
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Term
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Definition
cell mass differentiates into 3 layers of cells.
inner- endoderm
middle- mesoderm
outside- Ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| Endoderm- lining of digestive tract, lungs, liver, pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mesoderm- forms muscle and connective tissues, including blood and bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ectoderm- forms skin, hair, nails, eye lens, lining of mouth/nose, invigilates and forms the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
because it's differentiated its called the gastrula stage.
after 9 months hormonal changes cause contractions of the uterus
then amnion then bursts releasing it's water and contractions become stronger. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| different alleles on the same chromosome |
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Term
| Exceptions when a characteristic is not determined by dom vs. rec genes. |
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Definition
1. Neither allele is dominant
2. A characteristic is determine by more than 2 alleles
3. some charc. are determined by gene interactions
4. Some charac are inherited differently depending on the sex of the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| Some cases both alleles express themselves |
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Term
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Definition
some characteristics are determined by 3 or more different alleles but an individual can only have 2 alleles for that blood type.
Ex: Blood Type
A & B show lack of dominance when both present
A & B are both dominant to O allele |
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Term
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Definition
some characteristics are determined by several pairs of alleles located on the same or different chrom.
Ex: alleles for skin color are located on 3 different loci |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles on the same chrom tend to be inherited together. |
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Term
| Sex influences genes why? |
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Definition
autosomal genes expression depends on if indiv is male or female.
Sex hormones influence the activity of the gene either stimulating or inhibiting. |
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Term
| 4 mechanisms for generating gene variety? |
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Definition
1. Mutations
2. Sexual Reproduction
3. Migration
4. Size of population |
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