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| an amount that is more than needed; excess |
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| in ancient Mesopotamia, a large, stepped platform thought to have been topped by a temple dedicated to a city's chief god or goddess |
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| triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers |
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| time before people could write |
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| an object made by human beings |
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| in Hindu belief, the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form |
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| a collection of prayers, hymns, and other religious teachings developed in ancient India beginning around 1500 B.C. |
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| city-state in ancient Greece |
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| system of government in which officials are chosen by the people |
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| system in which the people as a whole, rather than private individuals, own all property and operate all businesses |
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| basic unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 soliders |
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| block a government action |
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| ruler who has complete control over a government; in ancient Rome, a leader appointed to rule for six months in times of emergency |
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| high-ranking Church official with authority over a local area, or diocese |
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| in the Roman and Byzantine empires, highest church official in a major city |
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| in Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties |
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| in ancient civilizations, a person specially trained to read, write, and keep records |
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| in the ancient Middle East, a system of writing that used wedge-shaped marks |
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| spiritual leader who interprets God's will |
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| title of the rulers of ancient Egypt |
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| system of writing in which pictures called hieroglyphs represent objects, concepts, or sounds |
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| the study of the origins and development of people and their societies |
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| in Hindu belief, the ultimate goal of existence, which is to achieve union with brahman |
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| government headed by a privileged minority or upper class |
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| government in which ruling power belongs to a few people |
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| in ancient Rome, member of the landholding upper class |
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| head of the Roman Catholic Church; in ancient Rome, bishop of Rom who claimed authority over all other bishops |
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| exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law |
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| complex, highly organized social order |
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| a political unit that includes a city and its surrounding lands and villages |
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| the ability to read and write |
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| plant used to make a paper-like writing material in ancient Egypt |
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| the study of people and cultures through their material remains |
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| the way of life of a society that is handed down from one generation to the next by learning and experience |
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| in Hindu belief, allt he actions that affect a peron's fate in the next life |
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| government in which the people hold ruling power |
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| government in which a king or queen exercises central power |
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| in ancient Rome, member of the lower class, including farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders |
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| in ancient Rome, official from the patrician class who supervised the government and commanded the armies |
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| in ancient Rome, official who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests |
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| in ancient Rome, underground or bridgelike stone structure that carried water from the hills into the cities |
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| economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available |
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| economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available |
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| religious belief that is contrary to the official teachings of a church |
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| a major religion that emerged in ancient India that has no single founder and no single sacred text; one of the world's most complex religions, with countless gods and goddesses and many forms of worship existing side by side |
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| a governing body in ancient Rome |
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| structures within necropolises, or cemeteries, that contained tombs which were considered homes in which the deceased would live for eternity |
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| an influential school of philosophy in ancient Greece that urged people to avoid desires and disappointment by accepting calmly whatever life brought |
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| in ancient Egypt, one of a person's two spirits--the life force |
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| the male head of a household (from Merriam-Webster) |
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| a ruling body of three (from Merriam-Webster) |
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| the order in which or the conditions under which one person after another succeeds to a property, dignity, title, or throne (from Merriam-Webster) |
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| a remnant, impression, or trace of an organism of past geologic ages that has been preserved in the earth's crust (from Merriam-Webster) |
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| a subdivision of the Roman legion |
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| a high-level overall plan embracing the general goals and acceptable procedures especially of a governmental body (from Merriam-Webster) |
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| the philosophy of Epicurus who subscribed to a hedonistic ethics that considered an imperturbable emotional calm the highest good and whose followers held intellectual pleasures superior to transient sensualism (From Merriam-Webster) |
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| the sovereign or supreme male monarch of an empire (from Merriam-Webster) |
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| high seriousness (from Merriam-Webster) |
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| a legislative body; specifically : the lower house of a legislature (from Merriam-Webster) |
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| a belief in human equality especially with respect to social, political, and economic affairs (from Merriam-Webster) |
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