Term
| Describe the location of the kidneys |
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Definition
-Protected by 11 and 12th ribs
-Right lower due to liver
-Above waist between the peritoneum and posterior wall of abdomen. |
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Term
| What is the function of the ureters? |
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Definition
| -Originates at hilium and brings urine to bladder using peristaltic waves and hydro-static pressure. |
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Term
| What is the the job of the Urethra? |
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Definition
| -From bladder allows urine to be excreted. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Collect and excrete urine. |
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Term
| Renal pyramid contains what? |
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Definition
| Secreting apparatus and tubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines of fibrous material and blood vessels anchors cortex. |
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Term
| What travels from the major calyx to the renal pelvis and then where does it go? |
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Definition
| Urine travels from the major calyx to the renal pelvis then out the ureter. |
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Term
| What does the renal sinus include? |
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Definition
| Hilium expands into a cavity with the kidney (renal sinus) contains the renal pelvis, calyces and branches of the renal blood vessels and veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow, muscular organ capacity of 700-800 mL. |
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Term
| Where do the renal veins and renal arteries pass into the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms the glomerulus? |
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Definition
| Formed by tangled afferent arterioles which reunite to form a efferent to carry blood out. |
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Term
| What does the visceral and parietal layers of the glomerulus form respectively? |
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Definition
| Visceral form inner wall, parietal form outer wall |
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Term
| What does Bowman's capsule house and where is it located? |
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Definition
| Bowman's capsule houses fluid filtered from the glomerulus and glomerular capillaries and is located between the two layers of the glomerular capsule |
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Term
| Which order does blood flow through the nephron? |
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Definition
| Bowman's capsule, PCT, loop of henle, DCT. |
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Term
| Where do several dct's empty into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do collecting ducts converge and drain into? |
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Definition
| Collecting ducts converge into several hundreds of large papillary ducts and drain into ureters, renal pelvis and calyxes. |
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Term
| What two ways can nephrons be sorted? |
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Definition
| Cortical and juxtamedullary. |
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Term
| What do nephrons with long loops of henle enable the kidneys to do? |
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Definition
| Enable the kidneys to create a concentration gradient in the medulla and to excrete very dilute or very concentrated urine. |
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Term
| Describe cortical nephrons and explain their loop of henle |
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Definition
| Cortical nephrons are most abundant and have short loops of henle that receive blood supply from peritubular capillaries. |
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Term
| Where is the renal corpuscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the location of juxtamedullary nephrons and explain their loop of henle |
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Definition
| Juxtamedullary nephrons are deep in the cortex and have long loops of henle which recieve blood flow from the vasta recta that arise from peritubular capillaries. |
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Term
| What is the path of renal blood flow? (STEP BY STEP) |
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Definition
1. renal artery
2. segmental artery
3. interlobar arteries
4. arcuate arteries
5. interlobular arteries
6. afferent arteriole
7. glomeruli
8. efferent arterioles
9. peritubular capillaries
10.vasa recta
11.peritubular venules
12.interlobular veins
13.arcuate veins
14.interlobar veins
15.renal vein |
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Term
| Fenestrae pores act as what and are conposed of what? |
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Definition
| Fenestrae pores act as a filtration membrane and are composed of visceral and parietal layers of the renal corpuscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Macula dense are rounded columnar tubule cells. |
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Term
| What does blood hydrostatic pressure do? |
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Definition
| Main force that pushes water and solutes through the filtration membrane. |
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Term
| What is capsular hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
| The measure of pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid in the capsular space. |
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Term
| What does blood osmotic pressure do and what is it? |
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Definition
| Blood osmotic pressure opposes filtration and is the pressure of plasma proteins pulling on water. |
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Term
| Function of angiotension II? |
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Definition
| Potent vasoconstrictor (reduces GPR) |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposite of aldosterone. Increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries, thus increasing(GFR), resulting in greater excretion of sodium and water. |
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Term
| What is formula for net filtration? |
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Definition
| net filtration=blood hydrostatic pressure-blood osmotic pressure-capsular hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
| What is formed during filtration and where is it formed? |
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Definition
| Filtrate in the renal tubule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reabsorption is the returning of important substances from filtrate through the renal interstitial, blood vessels and eventually the body. |
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Term
| Where does filtration occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where does blood hydrostatic pressure move fluid? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What kind of structure is the membrane of glomerular capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does renal autoregulation occur? |
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Definition
| Renal autoregulation occurs when the kidneys themselves regulate GFR. |
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Term
| When does neural regulation occur? |
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Definition
| Neural regulation occurs when ANS regulates BF and GFR. |
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Term
| What does hormonal regulation involve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system |
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Definition
| -When blood pressure is low renin is released and converted to angiotension II which cause vasocontriction. -Angiotension stimulates aldosterone release and raises blood pressure. |
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Term
| What is the function of aldosterone? |
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Definition
| Reduce urinary loss of Na and Cl and increases in blood pressure and decreases volume of body fluid. |
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Term
| Describe the myogenic mechanism |
|
Definition
-As Bp rises, GFR rises because renal blood flow increases.
-Elevated bp stretches walls of afferent arterioles.
-In response smooth muscle fibres in the walls of afferent arterioles contract which narrows lumen and renal blood flow reducing GFR. |
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Term
| Describe tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Definition
-When GFR is high due to bp, filtered fluid flows more rapidly.
-PCT and henle have less time to reabsorb and the juxtaglomerular aparatus releases NO causing vasodialation.
-GFR decreases. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between GFR and Bp? |
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Definition
| They both increase together or decrease together. |
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Term
| What does the PCT reabsorb? |
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Definition
| Water, Na, glucose, amino acids, urea,K+, Ca,Cl-, HCo3 AND HPo4. |
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Term
| What does the henle reabsorb? |
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Definition
| 25% of Na, K, Cl, HCo3, Ca, and Mg. |
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Term
| What does the dct reabsorb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do collecting ducts reabsorb? |
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Definition
| Na IF aldosterone is present. |
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Term
| What does tubular secretion control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is tubular secretion? |
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Definition
| Movement of fluids from capillaries into filtrate. |
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Term
| Where does it occur and what does it secrete? |
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Definition
| -Occurs mostly in PCT but also dct and collecting ducts. |
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Term
| Describe the mechanisms responsible medullary osmotic gradient? |
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Definition
| Active Na transport by thick asscending limb from lumen, instituting low blood flow between medullary colecting ducts and deep portions of the loop of henle. |
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Term
| Explain the formation of dilute urine |
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Definition
-Diluate urine prdocued in the absence of ADH when renal tubules absorb more solutes than water.
-ANP is released causing water to remain in urine. |
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Term
| Explain the formation of concentrated urine |
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Definition
-Concentrated urine is formed with the pressure of ADH when renal tubultes absorb more water than solutes.
- ADH makes tubes more water soluble. |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys/ minute. |
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Term
| How is a large amount of fluid filtered. |
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Definition
| Filter is porous and think, glomerular capillaries are long and bp high. |
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Term
| 90% of water is reabsorbed what is responsible for facilitating 10% of this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormones regulate water and solute absorption? |
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Definition
| Angiotension, aldosterone, ADH, ANP, parathyroid hormone. |
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Term
| What do extracellular and intracellular compartments contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is intracelluluar fluid? |
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Definition
| Is all the fluid inside cells and comprises 2/3 of body fluid. |
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Term
| What is extracellular fluid? |
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Definition
| All the fluid outside plasma membranes 1/3 of all body fluid. Most found between cell, interstitial fluid. |
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Term
| What does the intravascular fluid space house? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is body water regulated? |
|
Definition
-By the thirst centre in the hypothalamus and water intake.
- Excess water lost through sweating, respiration. |
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Term
| What is the main determinant of body fluid volume and of fluid loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes a change in osmolarity and what does an increase of osmolarity cause? |
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Definition
-Na causes a change in osmolarity.
-An increase in the osmolarity of interstitial fluid draws water out of cells. |
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Term
| What happens with a decrease in osmolarity? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What pressures favour filtration? |
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Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure and interstitial osmotic pressure. |
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Term
| What pressures favour reabsorption? |
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Definition
| Plasma osmotic and interstitial hydrostatic pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Filtration is greater than reabsorption. |
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Term
| How do buffer systems resist Ph change? |
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Definition
-Buffer systems temporarily bind excess H+ or OH- sequestering them until they can be permanently secreted.
-By increasing depth of breathing, CO2 is exhaled or retained correcting blood Ph. |
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Term
| What fixes metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis ? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the kidneys regulate hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in the blood? |
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Definition
-In PCT Na/H antiporters secrete H+ as they reabsorb Na.
-In the collecting ducts some intercalated cells absorb K+ and HCo3-.
Kidneys can change Ph. |
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Term
| What is respiratory acidosis and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
-Occurs with abnormally high PC02
-Treated by increasing exhalation of CO2 and give an IV of bicarbonate decreasing Ph. |
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Term
| What is respiratory alkalosis and how is it treated? |
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Definition
-Low PCO2
-Increase of Ph causes hyperventilation
-Treated by kidneys decreases H+ excretion and reabsorption of bicarbonate or paper bag breathing. |
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Term
| What is metabolic acidosis and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
-Arterial HCO3- levels low, ph dreases
-Treated by IV of bicarbonate or hyperventilation. |
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Term
| What is respiratory acidosis and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
-Arterial HCO3- high
-Treated by fluid solutions of correct Cl-, K+ and other electrolytes plus correcting cause. |
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Term
| Describe the function and location of myofibrils |
|
Definition
-Contractile organelle of the muscle.
- Run entire length of muscle making it appear striated. |
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|
Term
| What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
| -Fluid filled membranous sac. |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Invaginations in sacrolema, AP travel through them. |
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Term
| Describe the sliding filament model |
|
Definition
-Myosin heads attach to thin filaments at both ends of the sacromere pulling thin filaments towards m line.
-Thin filaments move and can overlap.
-As this occurs z discs move closer together and the sacromere shortens.
-This makes the whole muscle fibre shorten. |
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Term
| What happens to the length of filaments during the sliding filament model? |
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Definition
| Their length does not change. |
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Term
| How are muscle fibres stimulated to contract (neuromuscular junction)? (step 1) |
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Definition
| 1.Impulse arrives, voltage gates open Ca+ enters and synaptic vessels under go exocytosis. Motor neuron and vessels fuse and acetylcholine enters the cleft. |
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Term
| How are muscle fibres stimulated to contract (neuromuscular junction)? (step 2) |
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Definition
| 2- When two molecules of Ach bind to a receptor channels open and Na+ flows across the membrane. |
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Term
| How are muscle fibres stimulated to contract (neuromuscular junction)? (step 3) |
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Definition
| 3- Na+ influx produces ATP. It travels down t tubules causing the SR to release stored Ca and muscles contract. |
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Term
| How are muscle fibres stimulated to contract (neuromuscular junction)? (steps 4) |
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Definition
| 4-Ache breaks down Ach so that muscle contraction lasts briefly. The synaptic cleft collage fibres store Ache. |
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Term
| Follows events of excitation-contraction coupling that lead to cross bridge activity. |
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Definition
-Ca which is usually low in sarcoplasm but when the Ap propagates SR opens allowing it out where it binds with tropinin causing it to change shape.
-Once these sites are free myosin heads bind to them and form cross bidges and contraction occurs. |
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Term
| What is an isometric contraction? |
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Definition
| Muscle length does not change. |
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Term
| What is an isotonic contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe fast oxidative fibres, slow oxidative and fast glycotic fibres |
|
Definition
Fast oxidative- high fatigue resistance
Slow- Least powerful, very fatigue resistant
Fast glycotic- Strong, quick fatigue |
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Term
| What does a prime mover do? |
|
Definition
| Contracts to cause action. |
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Term
| What does an antagonist do? |
|
Definition
| Stretches and yields to prime mover effects. |
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Term
| What does a synergist do? |
|
Definition
| Contract and stabilize intermediate joints. |
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Term
| What does the fixator do? |
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Definition
| Stabilize the origin of the prime mover. |
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|
Term
| What criteria are muscle named upon? |
|
Definition
| Direction, shape, size, action, origin number, origin and insertion and location. |
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|
Term
| What are parallel fascicles? |
|
Definition
| Long axis, are parallel to each other. |
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|
Term
| What are circular fascicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are pernate fascicles? |
|
Definition
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