Term
| What endocrine functions do the kidneys have? |
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Definition
Renin secretion
Erythropoietin secretion
vit D3 secretion |
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Term
| A buildup of which organic waste product can lead to gout? |
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Definition
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Term
| A deficiency in what hormone causes diabetes insipidus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does aldosterone do and in what regions of the nephron? |
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Definition
| Increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and in the collecting ducts. |
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Term
| Name 5 types of diuretics and an example of each |
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Definition
1. Thiazide /thiazide like-hydrochlorothiazide
2. Loop -Furosemide
3. Potassium Sparing-Spironolactone
4.Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors-Acetazolamide
5. Osmotic Diuretics-Mannitol
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Term
| What is the action of osmotic diuretics and where in the body do they work to reduce edema? |
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Definition
They reduce water and Cl reabsorption
they reduce cerebral edema |
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Term
| Name 3 side effects of osmotic diuretics |
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Definition
Headaches
Tremors
Convulsion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Affect Diuresis |
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Definition
Carbonix Anhydrase converts bicarbonate and carbonic acid into CO2. Inhibitors of this enzymes stop this conversion.
Bicarbonates and Carbonic acid are less permeable, thus they do not get resorbed, increasing the volume excreted.
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Term
| What part of the nephron do Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors work? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 conditions Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors are used to treat |
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Definition
Epilepsy
Glaucoma
Hig altitude sickness |
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Term
| For what kind of population are Carbonic anhydrase Inhibitors contraindicated for? |
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Definition
| Those with sulfonamide allergies |
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Term
| Name 2 Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors |
|
Definition
Acetazolamide
Methazolamid |
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Term
| Name 3 conditions that present with edema |
|
Definition
Congestive Heart Failure
Renal Failure
Cirrhosis |
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Term
| Loop diuretics are very strong, what can high doses cause? |
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Definition
Severe Hypovolemia (decrease in blood plasma volume)
Death |
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Term
| Which part of the nephron does loop diuretics work on? |
|
Definition
| The ascending loop of Henle |
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Term
| What type of drugs work on the proximal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
| Acetazolamide which is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor |
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Term
| Which condition do Uricosuric Agents treat and how do they do this? |
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Definition
| Uricouric agents are used to treat gout and they do so by completely inhibiting renal reabsorption of uric acid |
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Term
| How does Allopurinol treat gout? |
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Definition
| Allopurinol disrupts the synthesis of uric acid |
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Term
| Acetazolamide and Methazolamide are what type of drug? |
|
Definition
| Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (CAI) |
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Term
| Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone and Allopurinol are what types of drug? |
|
Definition
| Uricosuric agents-treat gout |
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Term
| Hydrochlorothiazide and Polythiazide are what type of drugs? |
|
Definition
| Thiazide Diuretics....duh |
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Term
| Chlorothalidone and Indapamide are what type of drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Furosemide, Bumetanide and Ethacrynic acid are all: |
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Definition
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Term
| Amiloride, Eplerenone and Spironolactone are all: |
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Definition
| Potassium sparing diuretics |
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Term
| Taking anticoagulants can increase the risk of ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 2 types of conditions that are contraindicated for anticoagulants. |
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Definition
Hemophilia
Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) |
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Term
| What chemical do damaged blood vessels secrete and what is its activated form? |
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Definition
| Prothrombin-->becomes Thrombin |
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Term
| What chemical does thrombin activate and what is its activated form? |
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Definition
| Activates fibrinogen, which becomes fibrin, which forms blood clots. |
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Term
| Name 3 Anticoagulant Agents and their route of administration |
|
Definition
1. Warfarin-ORAL
2. Pentoxifylline-Oral
3. Heparin-IV |
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Term
| What is a healthy INR range? What can happen if a pt is below this range? Above? |
|
Definition
INR stands for International Normalized Ratio and refers to blood coagulation ability. A good range is from 2-3. Being below this range refers to underanticoagulation and can result in blood clots-->stroke
Being above this range can result in blood that is too thin and thus an increased risk of bleeding. |
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Term
| How does Heparin affect blood clots? |
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Definition
| Heparin inhibits the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and thus the covnersion of fibrinogen to fibrin-->thus preventing blood clots |
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Term
|
Definition
Bleeding
Hypersenstivity
Thrombocytopenia |
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Term
| How does Low Molecular Weight (LMW) Heparin compare to standard heparin? |
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Definition
| LMW heparin is derived from standard heparin , it has a greater bioavailability, longer duration of action and fewer SE. |
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|
Term
| What drug is used to treat an overdoes of Heparin? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of warfarin? |
|
Definition
| Warfarin resembles vit. K and thus it interferes with the synthesis of certain clotting factors that are dependent on vitamin K. |
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Term
| Which drug is used for more long term anticoagulant treatment? |
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Definition
| Warfarin ( as opposed to Heparin) |
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Term
| How does the action of anticoagulants compare to that of anti-platelets? |
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Definition
| Anticoagulants prevent thrombosis in veins, antiplatelets prevent clot formation in arteries. |
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Term
| How does Dipyridamole impair platelet function? |
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Definition
| It does so by inhibiting adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase |
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Term
| Name 4 Antiplatelet Agents |
|
Definition
Aspirin
Clopidogrel
Ticlopidine
Dipyridamole |
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Term
| How do Thrombolytic Agents work? |
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Definition
| They facilitate the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin then hydrolyzes fibrin, dissolving blood clots. |
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Term
| Name 3 Thrombolytic Agents |
|
Definition
Alteplase recombinant
Streptokinase
Urokinase |
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Term
| Warfarin, Pentoxifylline, Heparin and Ardeparin are all: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Ticlopidine and Dipyridamole are all: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Streptokinase and Urokinase are both: |
|
Definition
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