Term
| The urinary system is composed of: |
|
Definition
kidney
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra |
|
|
Term
| The function of the kidney is to maintain the constancy of the _____ in our ________ __________ through water balance and __________. |
|
Definition
fluid
internal environment
homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| The kidneys regulate _____ of ____ and maintain proper _____, salts, and ____/____ balance. |
|
Definition
volume of blood
water
acid/base |
|
|
Term
| The substance produced in the kidneys that increases blood pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The substance produced in the kidneys that increasing red blood cell production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kidney is located in a ___________ position in the superior _______ region and extends from the _____ thoracic vertebra to the ____ lumbar vertebra. |
|
Definition
retroperitoneal
lumbar
12th
3rd |
|
|
Term
| The right kidney sits close to the _____ and is slightly _____ than the left kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ surface of the kidney is convex and the _______ surface is concave. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The renal ____ is found on the medial surface of the kidney and is where these structures enter: (5) |
|
Definition
hilus;
renal arteries
renal veins
ureter
lymphatic vessels
nerves |
|
|
Term
| The renal hilus leads into a space called the _____ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The order in which the structures entering the renal hilus are found...from anterior to posterior. |
|
Definition
renal veins
renal arteries
ureter |
|
|
Term
| The kidneys are surrounded by 4 layers of supportive tissue from innermost to outermost: |
|
Definition
renal capsule
perirenal fat
renal fascia
pararenal fat |
|
|
Term
| The renal fascia of _______ is the outermost layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that ______ the kidney and ________ ______ to the surrounding structures. |
|
Definition
Gerlota
anchors
adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| ___________ fat adheres to the _______- abdominal wall and helps keep the kidneys in place. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As a result of the lack of abdominal fat in patients with _______, many people may experience _______, a condition where the kidney falls to a lower than normal position which may then cause the _______ to kink.
This causes _____ to back up in the kidney creating internal pressure, a condition called ____________.
Indicates water in the kidney and can severely damage it leading to ________. |
|
Definition
anorexia
ptosis
ureter
urine
hydronephrosis
necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Renal ________ are the major functional unit of the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal ______ is the most superficial region of the kidney; renal ______ is just deep to that and appears slightly ________ and reddish-brown in color. _______ is lighter in color with a _________ appearance. |
|
Definition
cortex
medulla
darker
cortex
granular |
|
|
Term
| The parts of the cortex that dip down between the renal medulla are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal pyramids have a broad ____ that faces the cortex and a _______ or ____ that points internally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal ______ is found lateral to the _____ within the sinus. It is formed by merging _____ calyces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A renal ____ consists of a renal ________ with an adjacent cap of cortical tissue and cortical _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_____ calyx is a cup-shaped area that enclose the _______ of the pyramids and drain into _____ calyx.
Major calyces are _ or _ in number and are branching extensions of the _______. |
|
Definition
minor
papillae
major
2 or 3
pelvis |
|
|
Term
| The _______ calyces of the kidney collect urine that continuously drains from the ________. The walls of theses calyces contain smooth muscle for _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ calyces drain into the _____ calyces which drain into the ______ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an infection of the renal pelvis and kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an infection or inflammatory condition that affects the entire kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney infections in females are usually caused by ___________ that is spread from the anal region to the urinary tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney infections can result from ______-____ bacteria as well as from hospitalizations involving __________. |
|
Definition
blood-borne
catheterizations |
|
|
Term
| _____ _____ artery is slightly longer than the ____ _____ artery because of where the abdominal aorta sits in the pelvic cavity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ areteries are large arteries that deliver approximately _____ of the total systemic cardiac output (1200 ml) to the kidneys every minute. They branch from the _________ ______ at right angles at the level between the __ and __ vertebrae. |
|
Definition
Renal arteries
1/4
abdominal aorta
L1, L2 |
|
|
Term
| Renal arteries usually branch into 5 _____________ arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than ____% of the blood supply entering the kidneys perfuses the _______ which contains the bulk of the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal _____ follow the pathway of the arteries but in reverse. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many of the ________ arteries do not actually enter the hilum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which arteries give off afferent arterioles? |
|
Definition
| Interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular |
|
|
Term
Flow of blood into the kidney:
renal a. -> segmental a. -> lobar a. -> interlobar a. -> arcuate a. -> interlobular a. -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillary network |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vessel resides at the outer edge of the medullary pyramids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kidneys and _______ are supplied by the:
_____ plexus and ganglion which is a branch of the ______ plexus and ganglion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal plexus is supplied by sympathetic fibers from: |
|
Definition
the least thoracic nerve
first lumbar splanchnic nerve |
|
|
Term
Sympathetic fibers are vasomotor fibers that regulate _____ _____ _____
by adjusting the ________ of renal arterioles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ n. branches into anterior and posterior trunks as it passes through the __________. These parasympathetic fibers contribute to the ______ plexus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The structural and functional unit of the kidney that is responsible for making urine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nephron is composed of: (4) |
|
Definition
a dilated renal corpuscle called a Bowman’s capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loops of Henle
distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| The structures in the nephron are collectively referred to as the _______ _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The distal convoluted tubules drain into the ________ tubules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine from several _____ tubules drain into collecting tubules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nephron is directly supplied by the ________ _________ that are from the: (3) |
|
Definition
afferent arterioles
Interlobar arteries
Interlobular arteries
arcuate arteries |
|
|
Term
The renal corpuscle is formed by:
________ and ________ capsule.
A glomerulus is a tuft of ________ inside _______ capsule. |
|
Definition
glomerulus
Bowman's
capillaries
Bowman's |
|
|
Term
| The blind-ended, enlarged, and cup-shaped tube at the end of the renal tubule and completely surrounds the __________. |
|
Definition
Bowman's capsule
glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| What is the Bowman's capsule connected to? |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| ________ arterioles feed the capillary bed (________) of the nephron and _______ arterioles drain the capillary bed. |
|
Definition
afferent
glomerulus
efferent |
|
|
Term
| ________ capillaries arise from efferent arterioles and are adapted for absorption of _______ and ______. They are found close to renal ________ and they empty into ________ veins of the renal venous system. |
|
Definition
peritubular
solutes and water
tubules
interlobular |
|
|
Term
| Renal corpuscles are found only in the _______ of the kidney and represent the initial expanded part of the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal corpuscles have a _____ pole and a ______ pole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each renal corpuscle consists of a vascular part, ________, and an epithelial part, ________. |
|
Definition
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
| Bowman's capsule consists of two layers, a ________ layer – outer layer that consists of ______ _______ epithelium resting on a ______ ______ and the _______ layer of the capsule consisting of specialized cells termed _____________. |
|
Definition
parietal
simple squamous
basal lamina
visceral
podocytes |
|
|
Term
| _________ cover the capillary loops and are in direct contact with the _____ ______ of the glomerular capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ _____ is between the two layers of the Bowman's capsule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ _____ is near the vascular pole where the _____ convoluted tubule leaves the renal corpuscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluid (filtrate) passes from blood in ________ capillaries to ______ space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lining of the glomerular capillaries is an _________ ________ with numerous _________ which are highly permeable. |
|
Definition
attenuated endothelium
fenestrae |
|
|
Term
| External to the endothelium in the renal _________ is the ______ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ cover the outer endothelium in the renal corpuscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Filtration barrier in renal corpuscle is formed by:
_________ endothelial cells of the glomerular __________, _____ ______, and the filtration slits between pedicels of __________. |
|
Definition
fenestrated
capillaries
basal lamina
podocytes |
|
|
Term
| Each podocyte has several primary processes (_________)that give rise to ________ processes that terminate as _________. |
|
Definition
trabeculae
secondary
pedicels |
|
|
Term
| Adjacent pedicels ____________ and form a series of __________ slits and have a thin, non-membranous diaphragm termed the ____ ________ that spans each ________ slit. |
|
Definition
interdigitate
filtration
slit membrane
filtration |
|
|
Term
| The proximal convoluted tubules are found mainly in the _______ and are fairy long. They are made of ______ _______ or _________ epithelium. The _______ border contains numerous microvilli (called a _____ border). |
|
Definition
cortex
simple cuboidal
columnar
apical
brush |
|
|
Term
| The cytoplasm of the cells in the proximal convoluted tubule contains many __________ that function in ________ and _________. |
|
Definition
mitochondria
absorption
transport |
|
|
Term
| Cells in the PCT absorb molecules through a process called __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PCT cells exhibit active transport of _______ out of the cell.
Absorbs: all the _______, ______ ______, and about 85% of the _____ _______.
_______ diffuses passively, following the osmotic gradient. |
|
Definition
sodium
glucose
amino acids
sodium chloride
Water |
|
|
Term
| ____% of malignant kidney tumors are found in the _______ ______ _______. |
|
Definition
90%
proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| The ______ convoluted tubule is also made of simple _________ epithelium but differs from the _______ convoluted tubule in that it does not have a ______ _______. It is also located in the ________ of the kidney. |
|
Definition
distal
cuboidal
proximal
brush border
cortex |
|
|
Term
| The modified portion of distal convoluted tubule where it lies adjacent to the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ acts on cells of distal convoluted tubule to increase absorption of sodium and chloride ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____________ complex is located at the ________ pole of the renal corpuscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ascending thick limb of the _____ ______ ______ contacts the ________ pole between the afferent and efferent arterioles |
|
Definition
distal convoluted tubule
vascular |
|
|
Term
| ______________ cells of the afferent arteriole are modified smooth muscle cells that secrete ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ acts on the plasma protein angiotensin producing ___________ _. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angiotensin __ is produced by the action of a converting enzyme and increases _____ _______ by constricting __________ and stimulating __________ secretion from the adrenal glands. |
|
Definition
II
blood pressure
arterioles
aldosterone |
|
|
Term
____________ acts on cells of ______ convoluted tubule to increase absorption of sodium and chloride ions
which expands fluid volume and ________ blood pressure. |
|
Definition
aldosterone
distal
increases |
|
|
Term
| The _____ ___ _______ is made up of thick and thin ascending and descending limbs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ descending limb of the loop of Henle is similar in structure to ______ convoluted tubule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thin _________ and ________ limbs of the loop of Henle are made of simple squamous epithelium and are located mostly in the ________. |
|
Definition
ascending
descending
medulla |
|
|
Term
| Thick _________ limb is similar in structure to the ________ convoluted tubule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The loop of Henle is highly permeable to ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long, slender tubes that convey urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ureters start at the level of ___ as a continuation of the renal ______. They descend behind the peritoneum to enter the _______ on the posterior wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three sites of constriction of the ureters: |
|
Definition
ureteropelvic junction – near hilus
where they cross the iliac vessels - pelvic brim
where they join the bladder |
|
|
Term
| The ______ of the ureter is highly convoluted with a thick __________ epithelium continuous with that of the kidney pelvis and urinary bladder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ of the ureter is made of two sheets of muscle, an ______ longitudinal and an outer ______ layer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ of the ureter is a fibrous connective tissue covering. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ureters have three distinct layers, the ______, the _______, and the _________. |
|
Definition
mucosa
muscularis
adventitia |
|
|
Term
| The proximal 2/3 of the ureter has __ layers of muscle while the distal 1/3 has __ layers of muscle, a layer of longitudinal muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distension of the ureter by incoming _____ stimulates the muscularis to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ propels urine into the bladder. The vigor and frequency of the ___________ ______ are controlled by the rate of ______ formation. |
|
Definition
Peristalsis
peristaltic waves
urine |
|
|
Term
| Crystals of calcium, _________, or ____ acid salts cause kidney stones, also called renal ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ ______ cause excruciating pain in the posterior abdominal wall
from increased _______ in the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of kidney stone formation: |
|
Definition
frequent bacterial infections of the urinary tract and retention of urine,
high blood calcium and alkaline urine |
|
|
Term
| Calculi can be shattered by shock wave __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ ______ is a smooth, collapsible muscular sac that temporarily stores ______. It is located retroperitoneally on the ______ floor just posterior to the ______ _________. |
|
Definition
urinary bladder
urine
pelvic
pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
| In females the urinary bladder lies anterior to the ______ and _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In males the urinary bladder lies anterior to the _______ and superior to the ________ _____ that surrounds its inferior neck. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mucosa of the bladder wall is made of ______________ epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thick muscular layer of the bladder wall is called the _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ _____ is made up of intermediate smooth muscle fibers arranged in inner and outer _________ layers and a middle _________ layer. |
|
Definition
detrusor muscle
longitudinal
circular |
|
|
Term
| The __________ is a fibrous layer that covers the bladder except on its superior surface which is covered by the ______ ________. |
|
Definition
adventitia
parietal peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| Interior part of the bladder has three openings, one for the ______ and two for the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smooth triangular region of the bladder between the three openings: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between the two openings of the ureters is the __________ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| folds in the lining of the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the stretching of the urinary bladder wall serves as the trigger for _______ or ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mucosal lining is primarily __________ _________ epithelium, but near the bladder the mucosa is _________ epithelium. |
|
Definition
pseudostratified columnar
transitional |
|
|
Term
| Near its opening, the _______ becomes stratified squamous ___________ epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin-walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder out of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The external urethral meatus lies _______ to the vaginal opening and ________ to the clitoris. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three regions of the male urethra: |
|
Definition
prostatic
membranous
spongy (penile) |
|
|
Term
| _________ urethra runs through the urogenital diaphragm (sphincter urethrae m. at ext. urethral sphincter) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ (_______)urethra passes through the penis and opens at its tip via the external urethral orifice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ urethra passes through the prostate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male urethra carries _____ and ______ out of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the female ______ is tightly bound to the _______ wall by fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal capacity of the bladder is ____-_____ ml of urine, but it can hold up to twice that amount |
|
Definition
|
|
