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- using Classical authors/texts to assist Christian moral development and improve human nature/conduct (instead of in the Middle Ages, when they were just to learn more about God) - eloquence reflects virtue |
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Italy between late 14th c. - 16th c. |
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What economic factors led Italy (*Florence*) to become the center of the Renaissance? |
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-wool industry (Florence thrived), investments --> banking --> profits -merchants in control of gov'ts (supported arts) -geography (central to trade) -shipbuilding (profitable advances) |
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How were Italian political structures different from the feudal system? |
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-cities have more centralized gov't -social mobility through rebellion -communes (associations of free men) --> political/economic independence from lords --> wealth ^, new upper class = oligarchs, rule city states --> lords intermarry = urban merchant elite --> popolo --> signori/oligarchies |
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-taxed heavily, not represented in gov't -rebelled, took over Florence --> formed republic (gov't is still exclusive -couldn't keep control |
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-post-Popolo rule -one man rule (Medicis; Cosmo, Lorenzo, etc) -seemed/looked like a 'Republic' |
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Why was Italy vulnerable to outside forces? |
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-not united (strong loyalties to city-states --> constantly shifting alliances -Hapsbury-Valois Wars (HRE ['Germany', Austria] vs. France) often fought in Italy |
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-Milan, Florence, Venice, Papal States, Naples |
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full development of one's personal abilities/uniqueness (not about humility) |
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-focused on material world/enjoying life -less religious basis |
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How were art and power connected? |
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-art = symbol of wealth -nobility/elite invested in art -artists could gain status/wealth -artistic genius = intellectual, makes you divine |
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The Arnolfini Marriage - 1434
Van Eycke
- commissioned by wealthy banker
- Christian references
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Church of San Lorenzo - 1419 -->
Brunelleschi
- commissioned by Medicis
- mathematical, proportional, symmetry
- Corinthian columns
- well lit
- ORDER/HARMONY
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David - 1430
Donatello
- contraposto
- detailed
- neo-platonism: ideal beauty, perfect form
- for Medicis
- 1st freestanding nude since Classical times
- David = religious, patriotic to Florence
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David - 1501
Michelangelo
- in public courtyard
- disproportional (idealized?)
- contraposto
- immediatly post-Savonarola
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Dome of the Cathedeal - 1420-36
Brunelleschi
- double shell, hidden buttresses
- architecturally innovative
- based of Roman architecture
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East Door of the Baptistry
Ghiberti
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The Garden of Earthly Delights - 1500
Bosche
- from the Netherlands
- chaotic, fantastical
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Lady With an Ermine - 1483-90
da Vinci
- oil on wood
- chiaro scuro
- posed naturally, looking away from viewer
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Madonna Enthroned - 1310
Giotto
- tempera on wood
- ^^medieval influence
- ^^symmetry
- beginnings of persepctive
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Madonna with Canon Van der Paele - 1436
van Eyck
- photograph-like
- vibrant color
- OIL!
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Example of Medieval Architecture/Sculpture
- gothic style: long arches, spires, arched windows, rose windows, asymmetrical, flying buttresses, high vaults
- sculpture: expressionless, stiff, undefinined, unrealistic drapery
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Sacrifice of Isaac - 1401
Brunelleschi
- bronxe relief
- for a guild's competition (he lost)
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Sacrifice of Isaac - 1401
Ghiberti
- bronze relief
- won the competition
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The School of Athens - 1509
Rafael
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Self Portrait in a Fur Collared Robe
Durer
- from HRE
- clear light source
- looking straight at viewer
- striking details
- intimidating expression, fur = status symbol
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Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo |
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The Tribute Money - 1426-27
Masaccio
- contraposto
- geometrical
- one point perspective
- light source
- still not totally natural
- halos!
- all subjects have individual characteristics
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Expulsion From the Garden of Eden - 1426-27)
Masaccio
- in Florence
- dramatic, 'caught in the moment'
- expression, personality, natural look
- transition piece into renaissance art
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light and shadow (use of light source) |
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-wrote The Book of the Courtier -ideal qualities of courtier: athlete, strong soldier, educated, eloquent, loyal to prince, noble born, "Renaissance Man" (well rounded, multi-talented) |
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-common during renaissance -primary sources: court docs, laws, etc -reasons: male bomding, exchange for favors/gifts, way to rise in status |
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on patrol for homosexuals in renaissance florence |
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-1st customers = church (Bible) -spreads to urban middle class -> ^books, ^literacy -^^propaganda (politicians, churches) -^^record keeping, efficient business -sense of int'l community -porn |
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-adapted Arab paper/chinese presses in 1455 |
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-aided by printing press =made politics more accessible to middle class -> political parties (eventually) |
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-study of words -printing press -> better copies of classical corrected texts -> standard texts |
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-wrote 'On the False Donation of Constantine' (1444) -found that 8th c. document giving the papacy territory in W. Euro was forged -> Church looks bad -author of 'On Pleasure'; defends pleasure of senses |
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-status of upper class women declined -education improved for upper class, but was intended to help women run the house better -rape by upper class men was common and not considered serious |
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-chinese: huge mechanical clocks -Pope Sylvester (Gerbert): 1st mechainzed clock in Europe (999) -urbanization -> ^^^clocks/bells |
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-stronger focus on Christian texts |
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-English humanist -utopia: literally 'no place', his version = universal education w/ christian texts, no $ or greed, time to work, play, and learn, no classes, no war |
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-good Christians must be educated in Bible and Classics -"Philosophy of Christ" -made new bible |
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-anyone can live like Christ did and reach salvation -need literacy and reliable texts -> Erasmus' Bible |
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-author of the Prince -often considered cynical/disturbing -secretary of Florentine republic -put in prison/tortured by Medicis for being part of the Republican gov't -> wrote Prince after his release |
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'age of assassination' refers to... |
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-competition between Italian city states -division within city states (controlled by wealthy capitalist families) -> competition, political cunning, shrewd marriages, alliances |
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-written 1513 -published 1532 -describes Machiavelli's ideal Renaissance Prince: ->should do bad things if it's for the greater good ->should organize a state that survives after its prince dies ->better to be feared than loved (ideal to be both) |
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-not officially prince of florence -1389-1464 -patron to the arts -> Florence's "Golden Age" -put medici crest everywhere -cooperation rewarded, disloyalty punished |
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-'ruler' during high Renaissance, became gov't official at 20 -major patron of the arts -survived attempted assassination by Pozzi family -> gained public support -tried to convince public that HE (not other families) could keep them from oppression -->financed public spectacles -->diffused rivalries between Florentine neighborhoods -died @ 44, Florence overrun by foreign princes |
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-competed w/ Medicis -Cosimo wanted to unite the families by marriage, Pozzis didn't -tried to assassinate Lorenzo in 1478, killed his brother instead, ended up getting pop. support for Medicis |
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-1554-1598 -son of Charles V, king of Spain, inherited some of HRE as well -married Mary I of England (political, strengthen Catholic presence in Europe) -'Golden Age' of Spain - "true Renaissance Prince" -extremely religious -> wanted Spain to be 'Great defender of the faith' -didn't like to mix with his subjects -executed opposition |
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-1533-1603 -very popular, 'master politician', great PR ->keep loyalty through love -rejected Catholicism and proposal of Phillip II -appealed directly to the people, united them -had strict laws about how people depicted her - |
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-took control of France in 1494 after French invasion -backlash against Renaissance materialism/moral decay -> insane, burned books, etc -got kicked out, burned @ stake in 1498 |
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resurgence of Florentine Republic |
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-post-Savonarola -republic restored |
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-son of Pope Alexander VI -Duke of Valentinos -cruel/vicious -> earned praise in The Prince -invaded central italy -> kicket out by Pope Julius II |
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-attacked Florence, fought against French invasion of Italy/Borgia, put Medicis back in power -commissioned St. Peter's basilica |
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Charles V invaded/sacked Rome in 1520s --> end of Renaissance |
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-'Father of the Renaissance' -thought first 2 centuries of the Roman Empire = peak of human civilisation -wrote sonnets (Rime of Sparse) -considered middle ages = dark ages |
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Wrote "On the Dignity of Man" which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish. |
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-great, extremely wealthy banking family in 15th c. -ruled Florence from behing the scenes |
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-"On Painting", "On Architecture" -demonstrates individualism |
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King of Spain whose conquest of Rome in 1527 symbolized the end of the Italian Renaissance |
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-first to use term 'humanism'; civic humanist -wrote a history of florence -author of 'Funeral Oration' (praise of Florence, political propaganda supporting Florentine republic, Greek/Athenian influences [Pericles' Funeral Oration]) |
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-conglomerate of disunited Spanish kingdoms -Ferdinand and Isabella -> Spain Christianized, reconquista continued, Spain ~united~ |
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-15th c.: feudal lords controlled royal council/Parliament ->War of the Roses (1455-1471): houses of York and Lancaster = civil war -> hurt trade, agriculture, industry -Edward VI -> restored royal power, avoided war, reduced reliance on Parliament for $ -Parliament = power center for aristocracy -Henry VII -> made Parliament his tool, checked aristocratic power, got support of upper middle class |
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-Charles VII -> recovery, end of civil war -Church became subordinate to state -Louis XI -> state expanded, laid foundations for absolutism |
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Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain |
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-'new monarchs' -marriage = last major step in Christianizing Spain -Spain = loose confederation of separate states -hermandades = 'justice system', -church strengthened royal authority -used renewed reconquista to unite Spain |
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-'new Christians' -Jewish people who converted to new Christians -persecuted/mistrusted -> people afraid they were going to take office, also scapegoat for black death -Ferdinand and Isabella revived Inquisition to kick them out --> unify Spain |
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-brotherhoods/local police -ended in 1498 b/c of excessive brutality |
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-Ferdinand and Isabella took/Christianized Granada as part of the Reconquistas |
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-wars between Habsburgs (Austria, 'Germany') and Valois (French) -Italy = battleground, got screwed |
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-believed that all common people should read the Bible |
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-author of 'Gargantua and Pantagruel' (great comic masterpiece, satire on French society) |
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-'New monarch' -"spider king" -sly, used good timing -boosted economy by subsidizing silk, inviting foreign craftsmen, etc. -improved the army -reduced aristocratic power -> laid foundations for absolutism |
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-'new monarch' -Star chamber -> Roman law -restructured Royal Council -> more middle class involvement -> got support of upper middle class (also supported their interest in $/trade/stability) -policy=diplomacy (b/c England and no standing army and he didn't want to go through Parliament) |
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-Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges -> can appoint his own bishops -remodeled army -'taille' and 'gabelle' (land and salt taxes) |
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-more Christian than Italy's -stressed social reform based on Christian ideals -wanted to create a perfect world based on Christian and classical texts/cultures |
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-centuries-long attempt to unite Spain/expel Muslims and Jews |
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