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Renaissance
AP Euro Renaissance Flashcards
78
History
11th Grade
01/07/2012

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Cards

Term
Humanism
Definition
- using Classical authors/texts to assist Christian moral development and improve human nature/conduct (instead of in the Middle Ages, when they were just to learn more about God)
- eloquence reflects virtue
Term
Renaissance
Definition
Italy between late 14th c. - 16th c.
Term
What economic factors led Italy (*Florence*) to become the center of the Renaissance?
Definition
-wool industry (Florence thrived), investments --> banking --> profits
-merchants in control of gov'ts (supported arts)
-geography (central to trade)
-shipbuilding (profitable advances)
Term
How were Italian political structures different from the feudal system?
Definition
-cities have more centralized gov't
-social mobility through rebellion
-communes (associations of free men)
--> political/economic independence from lords
--> wealth ^, new upper class = oligarchs, rule city states
--> lords intermarry = urban merchant elite
--> popolo
--> signori/oligarchies
Term
Popolo
Definition
-taxed heavily, not represented in gov't
-rebelled, took over Florence --> formed republic (gov't is still exclusive
-couldn't keep control
Term
SIgnori/Oligarchies
Definition
-post-Popolo rule
-one man rule (Medicis; Cosmo, Lorenzo, etc)
-seemed/looked like a 'Republic'
Term
Why was Italy vulnerable to outside forces?
Definition
-not united (strong loyalties to city-states --> constantly shifting alliances
-Hapsbury-Valois Wars (HRE ['Germany', Austria] vs. France) often fought in Italy
Term
5 city states of Italy
Definition
-Milan, Florence, Venice, Papal States, Naples
Term
Individualism
Definition
full development of one's personal abilities/uniqueness (not about humility)
Term
Secularism
Definition
-focused on material world/enjoying life
-less religious basis
Term
How were art and power connected?
Definition
-art = symbol of wealth
-nobility/elite invested in art
-artists could gain status/wealth
-artistic genius = intellectual, makes you divine
Term
[image]
Definition

The Arnolfini Marriage - 1434

Van Eycke

  • commissioned by wealthy banker
  • Christian references
Term
[image]
Definition

Church of San Lorenzo - 1419 -->

Brunelleschi

  • commissioned by Medicis
  • mathematical, proportional, symmetry
  • Corinthian columns
  • well lit
  • ORDER/HARMONY
Term
[image]
Definition

David - 1430

Donatello

  • contraposto
  • detailed
  • neo-platonism: ideal beauty, perfect form
  • for Medicis
  • 1st freestanding nude since Classical times
  • David = religious, patriotic to Florence
Term
[image]
Definition

David - 1501

Michelangelo

  • in public courtyard
  • disproportional (idealized?)
  • contraposto
  • immediatly post-Savonarola
Term
[image]
Definition

Dome of the Cathedeal - 1420-36

Brunelleschi

  • double shell, hidden buttresses
  • architecturally innovative
  • based of Roman architecture
Term
[image]
Definition

East Door of the Baptistry 

Ghiberti

 

Term
[image]
Definition

The Garden of Earthly Delights - 1500

Bosche

  • from the Netherlands
  • chaotic, fantastical
Term
[image]
Definition

Lady With an Ermine - 1483-90

da Vinci

  • oil on wood
  • chiaro scuro
  • posed naturally, looking away from viewer
Term
[image]
Definition

Madonna Enthroned - 1310

Giotto

  • tempera on wood
  • ^^medieval influence
  • ^^symmetry
  • beginnings of persepctive
Term
[image]
Definition

Madonna with Canon Van der Paele - 1436

van Eyck

  • photograph-like
  • vibrant color
  • OIL!

 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Example of Medieval Architecture/Sculpture

  • gothic style: long arches, spires, arched windows, rose windows, asymmetrical, flying buttresses, high vaults
  • sculpture: expressionless, stiff, undefinined, unrealistic drapery
Term
[image]
Definition

Sacrifice of Isaac - 1401

Brunelleschi

  • bronxe relief
  • for a guild's competition (he lost)
Term
[image]
Definition

Sacrifice of Isaac - 1401

Ghiberti

  • bronze relief
  • won the competition
Term
[image]
Definition

The School of Athens - 1509

Rafael

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Self Portrait in a Fur Collared Robe 

Durer

  • from HRE
  • clear light source
  • looking straight at viewer
  • striking details
  • intimidating expression, fur = status symbol
Term
[image]
Definition

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo

Term
[image]
Definition

The Tribute Money - 1426-27

Masaccio

  • contraposto
  • geometrical
  • one point perspective
  • light source
  • still not totally natural
  • halos!
  • all subjects have individual characteristics
Term
[image]
Definition

Expulsion From the Garden of Eden - 1426-27)

Masaccio

  • in Florence
  • dramatic, 'caught in the moment'
  • expression, personality, natural look
  • transition piece into renaissance art

 

Term
chiaro scuro
Definition
light and shadow (use of light source)
Term
Castiglioni
Definition
-wrote The Book of the Courtier
-ideal qualities of courtier: athlete, strong soldier, educated, eloquent, loyal to prince, noble born, "Renaissance Man" (well rounded, multi-talented)
Term
homosexuality
Definition
-common during renaissance
-primary sources: court docs, laws, etc
-reasons: male bomding, exchange for favors/gifts, way to rise in status
Term
Office of the Night
Definition
on patrol for homosexuals in renaissance florence
Term
Printing press
Definition
-1st customers = church (Bible)
-spreads to urban middle class -> ^books, ^literacy
-^^propaganda (politicians, churches)
-^^record keeping, efficient business
-sense of int'l community
-porn
Term
Gutenburg
Definition
-adapted Arab paper/chinese presses in 1455
Term
Propoganda
Definition
-aided by printing press
=made politics more accessible to middle class -> political parties (eventually)
Term
Philology
Definition
-study of words
-printing press -> better copies of classical corrected texts -> standard texts
Term
Lorenzo Valla
Definition
-wrote 'On the False Donation of Constantine' (1444)
-found that 8th c. document giving the papacy territory in W. Euro was forged -> Church looks bad
-author of 'On Pleasure'; defends pleasure of senses
Term
status of women
Definition
-status of upper class women declined
-education improved for upper class, but was intended to help women run the house better
-rape by upper class men was common and not considered serious
Term
Clocks
Definition
-chinese: huge mechanical clocks
-Pope Sylvester (Gerbert): 1st mechainzed clock in Europe (999)
-urbanization -> ^^^clocks/bells
Term
Northern Humanism
Definition
-stronger focus on Christian texts
Term
Thomas More
Definition
-English humanist
-utopia: literally 'no place', his version = universal education w/ christian texts, no $ or greed, time to work, play, and learn, no classes, no war
Term
Erasmus
Definition
-good Christians must be educated in Bible and Classics
-"Philosophy of Christ"
-made new bible
Term
"Philosophy of Christ"
Definition
-anyone can live like Christ did and reach salvation
-need literacy and reliable texts -> Erasmus' Bible
Term
Machiavelli
Definition
-author of the Prince
-often considered cynical/disturbing
-secretary of Florentine republic
-put in prison/tortured by Medicis for being part of the Republican gov't -> wrote Prince after his release
Term
'age of assassination' refers to...
Definition
-competition between Italian city states
-division within city states (controlled by wealthy capitalist families) -> competition, political cunning, shrewd marriages, alliances
Term
The Prince
Definition
-written 1513
-published 1532
-describes Machiavelli's ideal Renaissance Prince:
->should do bad things if it's for the greater good
->should organize a state that survives after its prince dies
->better to be feared than loved (ideal to be both)
Term
Cosimo de' Medici
Definition
-not officially prince of florence
-1389-1464
-patron to the arts -> Florence's "Golden Age"
-put medici crest everywhere
-cooperation rewarded, disloyalty punished
Term
Lorenzo de'Medici
Definition
-'ruler' during high Renaissance, became gov't official at 20
-major patron of the arts
-survived attempted assassination by Pozzi family -> gained public support
-tried to convince public that HE (not other families) could keep them from oppression
-->financed public spectacles
-->diffused rivalries between Florentine neighborhoods
-died @ 44, Florence overrun by foreign princes
Term
Pozzi family
Definition
-competed w/ Medicis
-Cosimo wanted to unite the families by marriage, Pozzis didn't
-tried to assassinate Lorenzo in 1478, killed his brother instead, ended up getting pop. support for Medicis
Term
Phillip II
Definition
-1554-1598
-son of Charles V, king of Spain, inherited some of HRE as well
-married Mary I of England (political, strengthen Catholic presence in Europe)
-'Golden Age' of Spain - "true Renaissance Prince"
-extremely religious -> wanted Spain to be 'Great defender of the faith'
-didn't like to mix with his subjects
-executed opposition
Term
Queen Elizabeth I
Definition
-1533-1603
-very popular, 'master politician', great PR
->keep loyalty through love
-rejected Catholicism and proposal of Phillip II
-appealed directly to the people, united them
-had strict laws about how people depicted her
-
Term
Friar Savonarola
Definition
-took control of France in 1494 after French invasion
-backlash against Renaissance materialism/moral decay -> insane, burned books, etc
-got kicked out, burned @ stake in 1498
Term
resurgence of Florentine Republic
Definition
-post-Savonarola
-republic restored
Term
Cesare Borgia
Definition
-son of Pope Alexander VI
-Duke of Valentinos
-cruel/vicious -> earned praise in The Prince
-invaded central italy -> kicket out by Pope Julius II
Term
Pope Julius II
Definition
-attacked Florence, fought against French invasion of Italy/Borgia, put Medicis back in power
-commissioned St. Peter's basilica
Term
French Invasion
Definition
Charles V invaded/sacked Rome in 1520s --> end of Renaissance
Term
Petrarch
Definition
-'Father of the Renaissance'
-thought first 2 centuries of the Roman Empire = peak of human civilisation
-wrote sonnets (Rime of Sparse)
-considered middle ages = dark ages
Term
Pico della Mirandola
Definition
Wrote "On the Dignity of Man" which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.
Term
Medici family
Definition
-great, extremely wealthy banking family in 15th c.
-ruled Florence from behing the scenes
Term
Leon Battista Alberti
Definition
-"On Painting", "On Architecture"
-demonstrates individualism
Term
Charles V
Definition
King of Spain whose conquest of Rome in 1527 symbolized the end of the Italian Renaissance
Term
Bruni
Definition
-first to use term 'humanism'; civic humanist
-wrote a history of florence
-author of 'Funeral Oration' (praise of Florence, political propaganda supporting Florentine republic, Greek/Athenian influences [Pericles' Funeral Oration])
Term
Renaissance Spain
Definition
-conglomerate of disunited Spanish kingdoms
-Ferdinand and Isabella -> Spain Christianized, reconquista continued, Spain ~united~
Term
Renaissance England
Definition
-15th c.: feudal lords controlled royal council/Parliament
->War of the Roses (1455-1471): houses of York and Lancaster = civil war -> hurt trade, agriculture, industry
-Edward VI -> restored royal power, avoided war, reduced reliance on Parliament for $
-Parliament = power center for aristocracy
-Henry VII -> made Parliament his tool, checked aristocratic power, got support of upper middle class
Term
Renaissance France
Definition
-Charles VII -> recovery, end of civil war
-Church became subordinate to state
-Louis XI -> state expanded, laid foundations for absolutism
Term
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
Definition
-'new monarchs'
-marriage = last major step in Christianizing Spain
-Spain = loose confederation of separate states
-hermandades = 'justice system',
-church strengthened royal authority
-used renewed reconquista to unite Spain
Term
Spanish Conversos
Definition
-'new Christians'
-Jewish people who converted to new Christians
-persecuted/mistrusted -> people afraid they were going to take office, also scapegoat for black death
-Ferdinand and Isabella revived Inquisition to kick them out --> unify Spain
Term
Hermandades
Definition
-brotherhoods/local police
-ended in 1498 b/c of excessive brutality
Term
conquest of Granada
Definition
-Ferdinand and Isabella took/Christianized Granada as part of the Reconquistas
Term
Habsburg-Valois wars
Definition
-wars between Habsburgs (Austria, 'Germany') and Valois (French)
-Italy = battleground, got screwed
Term
Lefevre d'Etaples
Definition
-believed that all common people should read the Bible
Term
Rabelais
Definition
-author of 'Gargantua and Pantagruel' (great comic masterpiece, satire on French society)
Term
Louis XI of France
Definition
-'New monarch'
-"spider king"
-sly, used good timing
-boosted economy by subsidizing silk, inviting foreign craftsmen, etc.
-improved the army
-reduced aristocratic power -> laid foundations for absolutism
Term
Henry VII of England
Definition
-'new monarch'
-Star chamber -> Roman law
-restructured Royal Council -> more middle class involvement -> got support of upper middle class (also supported their interest in $/trade/stability)
-policy=diplomacy (b/c England and no standing army and he didn't want to go through Parliament)
Term
Charles VII of France
Definition
-Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges -> can appoint his own bishops
-remodeled army
-'taille' and 'gabelle' (land and salt taxes)
Term
Northern Renaissance
Definition
-more Christian than Italy's
-stressed social reform based on Christian ideals
-wanted to create a perfect world based on Christian and classical texts/cultures
Term
Reconquista
Definition
-centuries-long attempt to unite Spain/expel Muslims and Jews
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