Term
|
Definition
| The scholarly interest in the study of the classical texts, values, and styles of Greece and Rome. Contributed to the promotion of a liberal arts education based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in Northern Europe. Like Italian counterparts, closely studied the classical texts, values, and styles of Greece and Rome. However, also sought to a specifically Christian content. ex: Erasmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The everyday language of a region or country. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Miguel de Cervantes, Geoffrey Caucer, Dante, and Martin Luther all encouraged the development of their national languages by writing in this. (Erasmus didn't - he wrote in Latin - so there!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Men (and 1 lady) who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. Also negotiated the relationship with the Catholic church. |
|
|
Term
| New Monarchs - name them. |
|
Definition
| Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, Ferdinand and Isabella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A direct tax on the French peasantry. One of the most important source of income for the French monarchs until the French Revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The centuries-long Christian campaign inSpain to take it back from the Muslims, culminated in 1492 with the conquest of Granada. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A certificate granted by the pope in return for the payment of a fee to the church - stated that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled all together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture. Protestant and Catholic leaders condemned them for advocating the complete separation of church and state. ("double dippers", "you dip, I dip, we dip") |
|
|
Term
| Predestination - who said it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doctrine that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved and who will be damned. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gee... what does this sound like...
"by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once and for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French Protestants who followed teachings of John Calvin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. Subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity. |
|
|
Term
| Politiques - who were they? |
|
Definition
| Henry IV of France (Henry of Navarre) and Elizabeth I of England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the Old World and the New World |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic philosophy calling or close gov't regulation of the economy. Emphasized building a strong, self-sufficient economy by maximizing exports and limiting imports, supported acquisition of colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods. Favorable balance of trade would enable a country to accumulate reserves of gold and silver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a preindustrial manufacturing system in which an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a business arrangement in which many investors raise money for a venture too large for one to undertake alone. (ex: new world colonies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Father of northern humanism. Wrote "In praise of folly" which cleverly insulted the church but did not anger it. Laid the egg that Luther hatched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Italian humanist that revealed the "Donation of Constantine" to be a forgery. He used Latin to prove this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Document supposedly written my the Emperor Constantine which gave all authority over Rome and the Roman part of western Europe to the pope. Proven fake which ticked off the pope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote "Utopia." Was beheaded by his good friend Henry III for my converting to Anglicanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founded religious sect similar to Lutheranism but sees the Eucharist as a symbol of Jesus' body and blood. He was a swiss mercenary turned preacher who led his zwinglian forces against swiss catholic. Lost and died. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of Anglicans who wanted to totally and utterly purify the church. No dancing, singing, laughing, etc. Only work and worship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scottish preacher who founded Scottish Presbyterianism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protestant religion which was not included in the Peace of Augsburg. Best known for its doctrines of predestination and total depravity, stressing the absolute sovereignty of God. aka "the religion of the peasants" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catholic monk who, upset by John Tetzel and the mass selling of Indulgences, wrote the 95 theses and nailed them to the church door at Wittenberg. Also mailed then to Albert of Mainz, the Archbishop of Mainz. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Response to the protestant reformation, focused on reiterating everything the church stood for. Eventually calmed down by the attempted peace with Lutheranism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Definition 13
“Whose realm, his religion,” allowed for German princes within the HRE to change the religion of their land to either Catholicism or Lutheranism. Princes rule, princes religion. Established by the Peace of Augsburg, 1555 |
|
|
Term
| Ius reformandi, ius emigrandi |
|
Definition
| is like Cuius Regio, eius religio but means “right to reform religion, right to emigrate.” If you can't reform, then you can leave with your property and go to a different territory where you can leave. (However, peasants were tied to the land and normally their only property was their home. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Society of Jesus" Founded by Ignatius of Loyola,founded to counter the protestant reformation. Very radical, founded schools and did mission trips. "If it is clearly black but the lord says it is white then we must obey the lord." Instrumental in Catholic Reformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1545–63) Focus of the Catholic Reformation (Pretty much just said that everything the protestants said was wrong and we are right). Called by Pope Paul III, ended under Pope Pius IV |
|
|
Term
| Peasant revolt of 1524-1526 |
|
Definition
| a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe, 1524–1526. At its height in the spring and summer of 1525, the conflict involved an estimated 300,000 peasants: contemporary estimates put the dead at 100,000. Angry with their land lords, took advantage of the absence of the Nobles (fighting the turks in Vienna. Martin Luther condemned it in his "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HRE and King of Spain (r.1519-1556. Did the peace of Augsburg. Left spain to his son and the HRE to his brother. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Written in 1555. Allowed for Lutheranism to be practiced IF the german prince of that territory was Lutheran. Didn't include Calvinism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invention of the Printing Press (date) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Columbus encounters America; completion of reconquista in Spain (date) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Luther posts 95 Theses (date) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act of supremacy in England creates Anglican Church (date) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Council of Trent Opens (date) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peace of Augsburg ends religious war in Germany; Charles V abdicates (1555) |
|
|
Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
|
Definition
| 1394-1460, Portuguese prince. First European royal to heavily promote discovery and exploration. Motivated by mercenary as well as missionary factors. Seeking to promote Portugese economic interests (challenging Muslim monopoly of gold trade) and to further Christian influence. Hope to find the kingdom of Prester John - a legendary Christian king ruling a wealthy kingdom somewhere in Africa (probably a hoax/myth). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portuguese explorer whose voyage along the coast of Africa in 1488 reached the Cape (of Good Hope) thus proving that a sea route to the East was possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rounded Cape and made it to India (to Calicut on the Malabar coast) He was Portuguese sea captain. Brought back ship loaded with Eastern goods worth many times (x60) cost of expedition. 2nd. trip - used brutal means to establish Portuguese interest there (Arabs, Egyptians, Venetians et al interested in maintaining their monopoly.) Significant because established Portuguese interest in east |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sailing for Spain, 1519-22, Portuguese explorer whose expedition completed first circumnavigation of world. Southwest passage around South America Died in Philippines. New geographic knowledge incorporated into map by Schoner - 1523. Subsequent searches for N.W. and N.E. passage by other European powers proved fruitless but did lead to establishment of trading connections in N. America and Archangel, Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 494: Spain and Portugal divided up globe into areas of interest. Drew imaginary line N to S (Line of Demarcation) down Atlantic. Sp. to develop to W and Portug. to E. Sp. thus claimed the Americas and Portug. claimed Africa, Asia and East Indies. When Cabral discovered Brazil it was considered to be in Portug. sphere and Philippines (Magellan) later claimed by Spain. Pope sanctioned treaty - not wanting two important nations fighting over territory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish settled Americas with their own civilizations(unlike Portug. which did not have large enough population to set up significant colonies.) Conquerors such as COLUMBUS - subjected Indians populations of "West Indies" to Spanish rule; CORTEZ - defeated Aztecs of Mexico; and PIZARRO - defeated Incas of Peru, ALL exploited native civilizations for benefit of mother country. Goals - 3 Gs. - especially Gold and Glory but also, somewhat, God. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defeated Aztecs of Mexico; exploited native civilizations for benefit of mother country (Spain). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defeated Aztecs of Mexico; exploited native civilizations for benefit of mother country. (Spain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
documents some of worst brutalities.
Spanish priest who travelled to New World with conquistadores and sent back to Spain reports of the brutalities against the natives. Recommended to young king of Spain, Charles I, also Charles V of HRE, that the use of natives for slave labor be terminated. Had come to recognized them as God's children being grossly mistreated. Alas, he offered the King an alternative in the form of slaves to be imported from West Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish tried to dismiss negative picture of their activities in the Americas as myth concocted by their trading rivals in Europe. Accuracy a little difficult to portray. It is true that the conquistadores were often extremely brutal and there is no doubt that Sp. saw the empire in America as existing purely for the benefit of the mother country. (Great ethnocentrism.) Certainly, Spain's harshest critics made much of the reports of Las Casas and others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New World equivalent of manorial system. "Lord" or Spanish overseer controlled work of Indian laborers - four days per week. But often abused. Like system in E. Euro. Black slavery introduced as Indian pop. declined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ppl of mixed (Sp. and Indian) descent in New World. Since few Sp. women came to New World there was mixing of races and new racial/mixed ethnic group. Many adopted Sp. lang and Roman Catholic faith. Castilian Spaniards looked down on mestizos as inferior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.)Renaissance political philosopher
2.)Wrote The Prince
3.)Urged rulers to study war, avoid unnecessary kindness
4.)Believed the end justifies the means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.)Northern humanist
2.)Wrote Praise of Folly
3.)Wrote in Latin instead of vernacular
4.)Wanted to reform Catholic Church, not destroy
5.)Martin Luther hatched the egg that he laid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.)Protestant reformer
2.)Criticized indulgences
3.)Salvation by faith, priesthood of all believers
4.)Hatched the egg of Erasmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.)Protestant reformer
2.)Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion
3.)Predestination
4.)Established Geneva as model Christian community
5.)Huguenots=followers |
|
|
