Explain the differences between:

1) Nobility

2) Merchants

3) "Popolo"

1)Nobility- controlled most of the land; got wealth from land/knights etc

2)Merchants- new class that started competing with the nobility by selling merchandise

3)Popolo- "the people" who were discontent with their economic situation

What was the Ciompi Revolt/Where did it occur?

What was the affect of this?

1) Discontent peasants revolt and take control over governments in Florence

2) Led to changes in all of the other Italian City States

Who was interested in Cicero's works?

Why?

1) Francesco Petrarch, father of humanism

2) His works consisted of the fall of the Roman Empire, and Petrarch wanted to learn his Latin style of writing

What was the goal of civic humanists?

What language did they study?

1) use humanism for the good of the public (like education)

2) Greek

1)Which important Greek philosopher's ideas about how mankind can achieve much and have great potential is shown in Oration on the Dignity of Man?

2)This was written by?

1) Plato

2) Mirandola

1)Castiglione wrote about what in The Courtier?

(Hint: if you know about Castiglione, you know the answer.)

2)Who was Lorenzo Valla?

1) Renaissance Man (example?)

2) Renaissance critic of books (Constantine/Bible)

What did Leonardo Bruni try to do for women in the Renaissance?

What was the flaw in this?

What did Christine de Pisan talk about in The City of Ladies?

1) Make an educational program for them

2) He left out the "male education" aspects (rhetoric/speech)

3) How women aren't inferior to men; they should live in a city of their own where they can be treated equally

Describe the 2 new Renaissance art ideas:

1) Chirascuro

2) Single-point perspective

1) light/dark shadowing to create 3-d images

2) all aspects of a painting correlate to a single, realistic idea in a painting at a distance

1) Da Vici-Mona Lisa (also Renaissance Man!)

2) Rapael- School of Athens

3) Michaelangelo- David/Sistine Chapel

Erasmus wanted to (A)abandon the church or (B)reform it.

Who did Erasmus influence highly?(Who did he lay the egg for?)

1) B

2) Martin Luther

What did Sir Thomas More criticize in his Utopia?

What was talked about in Boccacio's The Decameron?

1) how people should have the same amount of propertied possessions so that they could live equally with each other

2) The horrors of the Black Death

True

***Be sure to know how to link the Ren/Ref with each other, because there is a high chance that one of the 3 FRQs in the first grouping (there are 2 groupings, one on Ren-Napoleon, other is everything after that) will be about this topic!

Describe how the following issues affected the church:

1) Black Death*

2) Great Schism

3) Simony

*Hardest one

1) led to anticlericalism (believed clergy weren't doing a great job during the Black Death)

2) Division in the church between Avignon and HRE

3) Selling of church offices

Who were the two critics of the church before Martin Luther?

Which one more closely resembles Luther? (Hint: the one who was burned)

1) Wycliffe/Hus

2) Hus

What were the 3 main ideas by Luther in:

1) Address to the Christian Nobility

2) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church

3) Liberty of a Christian Man

*Knowing the ideas is more important than knowing the titles.

1) Secular gov't should be able to reform the Church

2) Condemned the Catholic seven sacraments

3) Salvation by FAITH ALONE

Who saved Luther after the Diet of Worms?

What did Luther do during this time?

1) Frederick the Elector of Saxony

2) Translate the Bible into German

1)Which two ideas of the Catholic Sacraments did Luther keep?

1) Baptism/Communion

What were the Schmalkaldic Wars?

What Peace/Treaty did it result in?

What did this Peace/Treaty establish?

1) War between Charles V and Protestants

2) Peace of Augsburg

3) German provinces' religion were decided by ruler

Who were the Anabaptists?

What happened at Munster in 1534?

What did the Antitrinitarians reject?

1) Protestant sect that rejected baptism until older

2) Abaptists took it over, but then Catholics/Protestants took it over together

3) The Trinity

T/F. Zwingli denied all the sacraments.

How did Zwingli differ with Luther on transubstantiation?

1) True

2) Believed Christ was only there in spirit, not actual presence

What is Predestination?

Who came up with it?

Who were the Huguenots?

1) Idea that God has already chosen who goes to Heaven

2) John Calvin

3) French Calvinists

What was the Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII?

1) Basically, King controls Church

What instituting body reformed the Church during the Counter/Catholic Reformation?

What was the main thing that it reformed?

(Hint: Same answer to why Luther hated the Church)

1) Council of Trent

2) selling of indulgences (becomes less constant)

Who led the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)?

What was their main goal?

1) Ignatius Loyola

2) Spread Catholic Faith to other countries where Protestant beliefs were spread; AKA Soldiers of Christ (against Protestantism)

     Luther rejected transubstantiation:

1)What was it?

2)What did he believe in instead?

1) bread/wine transformed into Christ

 2) he believed that Christ was already present

What was the religion choice of Mary Tudor?

How did she handle it?

1) Catholicism

2) Burned Protestants/non-conformers at the stake