• surrounded by the Roman tradition
• wealth of Italian city-states through trade
• competitions among city-states and disunity
• growth of urban society

• cheaper bookmaking
• faster printing
• better access to work of others

Renaissance movement based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans, such as that individuals and human society were important

What did humanism focus on?

• individual and human society instead of the church
• living life as full as possible instead of preperation for the afterlife

• Florence poet
• wrote in vernacular
• wrote The Divine Comedy- 14,000+ lines of vividly described poetry about a man's journey from hell to heaven

John Calvin

• French
• studied theology
• agreed with Martin Luther's beliefs
• left the Catholic France for neutral Switzerland to follow Lutheranism
• his beliefs led to Calvinism

• scientist & inventor
• trained to be an artist
• used fresco
• painted The Last Supper & the Mona Lisa

• Writer that wrote in vernacular
• The Canterbury Tales- written in English, describes 29 pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury and the levels of English society

• scholar
• clergyman
• goal was to translate the Bible into the vernacular
• wrote that people could improve the church by using their reason to be better Christians

• indulgences
• nepotism
• simony
• Italian control of papacy
• heavy taxes
• real estate

Who was Raphael Sanzio?

• one of Italy's best painters
• best-known painting- School of Athens

Florence...

• was an Italian city-state
• was first to grow wealthy
• traded
• used banking system
• was run by the Medici family

Martin Luther

• German monk 
• studied theology, taught at University of Wittenberg
• disagreed with churches beliefs
• wrote "95 Theses," arguments against indulgences
• excommunicated from church for his ideas
• his ideas led to the creation of Lutheranism
• translates Bible into German

• a Northern Renaissance master of perspective and fine detail
• best known for his engravings

• greatest English writer of 1500s
• wrote plays of tragedy, comedy and history
• wrote Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth,  A Midsummer Night's Dream and more

Why did selling indulgences upset people?

They were only being sold to make money to repair St. Peter's church.

Also, it seemed unholy to some people.

• period from 1350-1550 in Western Europe
• focused on rebirth of ancient Greeks and Romans
• people focused more on individual and secular world
• seen as a transition into the modern era

• historical philosopher
• wrote The Prince- a guidebook to running a government
• believed rulers may or may not follow morals

• painted, sculpted, & designed buildings
• painted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
• sculpted 13-foot-tall David

• was the wealthiest Italian city-state
• was built on small, swampy islands off of the coast
• made its wealth from ship building
• was originally run by a duke, or doge, but later lost power to a group of nobles

What were the three main ideas of Lutheranism?

1. Faith in Jesus, not just good works, brings salvation
2. The Bible is the final source for truth about God, not a priest or minister
3. Church is made up of its believers, not just its clergy

1. Francesco Pertrarch- "the father of Humanism" wrote essays
2. Chaucer- wrote The Canterbury Tales

Other than the beliefs of Lutheranism, what other ideas did Calvinism have?

• God's will is absolute
• predestination
• congregation controls the church- not kings or bishops

• Spaniard that founded the Jesuits
• wanted to be a soldier for Jesus Christ

Henry VIII

• Tudor King that wanted his family to remain in power
• Wanted an annulment to his marriage when his wife had only a daughter
• Pope refused, Henry was excommunicated
• Declared that the king was head of the church, not the pope

• Protestant
• restored Anglican Church
• one of the greatest rulers in history

What was the result of the Thirty Years War?

Spain was weakened and France became one of Europe's most powerful countries.

What was the English Reformation?

When Henry VIII created the Anglican Church, the Act of Supremacy was taken into order.

???

The church of England being run by the King/Queen of England