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| sixteenth-century painter, architect, and writer; used the word "rinacita" to describe the Renaissance |
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| a program of study, including rhetoric and literature, based on what students in the classical world (c. 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E) would have studied. |
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| (1304-1374), the father of humanism |
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| (c. 400-900), period of cultural decline |
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| a group of wealthy young Florentines who viewed Cicero's involvement in political causes as justification to use their own classical education for the public good, by serving Florence as diplomats, working in the chancellery office (where official documents were written), and studying classical Greek |
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| (427-348 B.C.E.) ancient Greek philosopher; believed that ideals such as beauty or truth exist beyond the ability of our senses to recognize them, and that we can train our minds to make use of our ability to reason and thus get beyond the limits of our senses |
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| "Oration on the Dignity of Man" (say author) |
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| Pico della Mirandola (say title of writing) |
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| Pico della Mirandola's "Oration on the Dignity of Man" |
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| reiterates Plato's view of reason getting us beyond our senses |
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| "The Courier" (say author) |
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| Baldassare Castiglione (say title of writing) |
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| Baldassare Castiglione's "The Courier" |
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| describes the ideal man to be one who knew several language, was familiar with classical literature, and was also skilled in the arts |
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| critical figure in the new field of textual analysis; proved that the "Donation of Constantine" was not written by Constantine; proved that Jerome had mistranslated from Greek some passages in the Vulgate Bible |
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| created an educational program for women, but left out public speech |
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| daughter of physician to French King Charles V; received fine humanist education; encouraged by father and husband; wrote "The City of Ladies" (1405), which states that women must carve out their own space in order for their abilities to be allowed to flourish |
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| "The City of Ladies" (say author) |
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| Christine de Pisan (say title of writing) |
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| states that women must carve out their own space in order for their abilities to be allowed to flourish |
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| painting on wet plaster used in the Middle Ages |
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| the use of contrasts between light and dark to create three-dimensional images |
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| developed in 1420s; a style in which all elements within a painting converge at a single point in the distance |
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| built the dome over the Cathedral of Florence, the first dome built in Western Europe since the collapse of the Roman Empire |
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| began at end of fifteenth century; Rome replace Florence as center of artistic patronage |
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| Late Renaissance art; showed distorted figures and confusing themes and may have reflected the growing sense of crisis in the Italian world due to both religious and political problems |
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| (1452-1519) military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor, painter of Mona Lisa |
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| (1483-1520) kindly, not despised by contemporaries; painted wonderfully gentle images of Jesus and Mary as well as "The School of Athens" which shows Plato, Aristotle, Leonardo, and Michaelangelo |
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| (1475-1564) sculpted David as a propaganda work to inspire citizens in struggle against Milan; commissioned by four popes including Julius II; painted naked figures in the Sistine Chapel in Vatican including "Final Judgement" |
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| tried to deepen Christian beliefs and understanding by studying early Christian authors; includes Erasmus and More |
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| (1466-1536) greatest of Northern humanists; collected many ancient and contemporary proverbs in "Adages"; "In Praise of Folly" uses satire to criticize problems of church; "Handbook of the Christian Knight" emphasized inner faith over outer worship; translated New Testament with close textual analysis of the "Acts of the Apostles"; opened a correspondence with Martin Luther after Luther attacked church, but ended it when they had significant theological disagreements |
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| (1478-1535); coined the term "Utopia" which means "nowhere"; wrote "Utopia" (1516); was critical of many aspects of contemporary society and sought to depict a civilization in which political and economic injustices were limited by having all property held in common; highly critical of certain practices of his church; executed in 1534 by Henry VIII, for whom he was chancellor, for refusing to take an oath recognizing Henry as Head of the Church of England |
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| brilliant drafsman; Northern Renaissance artist; his woodcuts powerfully lent support to the doctrinal revolution brought about by Martin Luther |
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| wrote "Canterbury Tales" based on "The Decameron" by Boccaccio |
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| English section of the Northern Renaissance taking place during the reign of Elizabeth I and subsequently James I |
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| Elizabethan Renaissance writer of significant repute |
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| Elizabethan Renaissance writer of significant repute |
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| (1564-1616) unrivaled genius writer during the Elizabethan Renaissance; recieved little more than a primary school education; wrote "Hamlet" and "King Lear," among others; his works reveal an unsurpassed understanding of the human psyche as well as a genius for dramatic intensity |
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| from the German city of Mainz, introduced moveable type to wetern Europe; printed 200 elaborate bibles between 1452 and 1453; went broke |
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| sixteenth-century movement that resulted in the great split in Western Christendom |
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| mid-sixteenth century response to the Protestant Reformation; Catholic Church took steps to counteract some of the successes of the Protestant side; appropriate name because the Catholic Church has a long tradition of adjusting to changed conditions, whether it was the papal Reform Movement of the High Middle Ages, or, more recently, the Second Vatican Council of the 1960s |
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| (1483-1546); tacked up his 95 Theses on the Castle Church at Wittenburg, which was the medieval way of indicating that an issue should be debated; part of his complaints dealt with German money going to Rome, and part with control over purgatory |
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| a ferocious outbreak of plague that struck the population of Europe in the fourteenth century |
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| a measure of disrespect toward the clergy, stemming in part from what many perceived to be the poor performance of individual clergymen during the crisis of the plague |
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| the notion of a direct relationship between the individual and God |
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| the sad specter of three competing popes excommunicating each other |
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| the selling of church offices |
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| (1329-1384); questioned the worldly wealth of the church, the miracle of transubstantiation, the teachings of penance, and, in a foretaste of the ideals of Luther, the selling of indulgences; urged his followers to read th eBible and to interpret it themselves; translated the Bible into English |
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| followers of John Wycliffe |
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| (1329-1384); from Bohemia (the modern-day Czech Republic); rector of the University of Prague; led a revolt that combined religious and nationalistic elements; argued that it was the authority of the Bible and not the institutional church that ultimately mattered; horrified by immoral behavior of clergy; argued that the congregation should be given cup as well as wafer; called before the Council of Constance in 1415 by Pope Marin V, condemned as a heretic, burned at the stake; in response, his followers in Bohemia staged a rebellion |
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| Jan Hus was called before it in 1415 by Pope Martin V, and while promised safe passage, he was condemned as a heretic and burnt at the stake |
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| began during Crusades; to get knights to go on crusades and to raise money, the papacy sold indulgences, which released the buyer from purgatory |
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| in 1517, although he already held two bishoprics, was offered the Archbishoprich of Mainz; borrowed 10,000 ducats from the Fuggers; paid off his debt by seling indulgences |
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| the great banking family of the time around 1517; loaned 10,000 ducats to Albert of Hohenzollern |
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| a Dominican friar who was sent to preach the indulgene throughout Germany with the famous phrase: "As soon as gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs." |
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| a Dominican friar who was sent to preach the indulgene throughout Germany with the famous phrase: "As soon as gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs." |
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| at first was not interested in "a squabble between monks" (Martin Luther); in reponse to Luther's 1530 writings, issued a papal bull that demanded that Luther recant the ideas found in his writings or be burnt as a heretic; when Luther burnt the Bull, Leo X excommunicated him |
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| a prominent theologian who challenged Luther during a public debate in Leipzig |
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| "Address to the Christian Nobility" |
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| (1520) Luther urged that secular governments had the right to reform the church |
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| "On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church" |
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| (1520) Luther attacked other teachings of the church, such as the sacraments |
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| "Liberty of a Christian Man" |
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| (1520) Luther hit on what would become the basic elements of the Lutheran belief: Grace is the sole gift of God; therefore, one is saved by faith alone, and the Bible is the sole source of his faith |
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| Frederick the Elector of Saxony |
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| one of the German princes who were either sympathetic to Luther's ideas or at least wanted him to be given a public hearing |
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| a meeting of the German Nobility that Luther was called before in 1521 |
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| Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor (as relating to the Reformation) |
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| at the Diet of Worms, asked Luther "Do you or do you not repudiate your books and the errors they contain?" |
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| Luther was safely hidden here by the Elector of Saxony after the Diet of Worms |
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| the miraculous transformation of the bread and wine into the flesh and blood of Christ in the Catholic Church; this can be performed only by an ordained priest |
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| The term today is used very broadly and means any non-Catholic or non-Eastern Orthodox Christian. Initially, it referred to a group of Lutherans who in 1529 attended the Diet of Speyer in an attempt to work out a compromise with the Catholic Church and ended up "protesting" the final document that was drawn up at its conclusion. |
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| 1525; result of the German peasants' worsening economic conditions and their belief, articulated in the Twelve Articles, that Luther's call for a "priesthood of all believers" was a message of social egalitarianism; this horrified Luther |
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| by the revolting German peasants in 1525; articulated the belief that Luther's call for a "priesthood of all believers" was a message of social egalitarianism |
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| "Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants" |
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| Luther's violently angry tract in which he urged that no mercy be shown to the revolutionaries of the German Peasant's Revolt |
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| Holy Roman Emperor who died in 1519; succeeded by Charles V (his grandson and heir) |
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| Holy Roman Empire after Emperor Maximilian (his grandfather); struggled for throne with French King Francis I; bribed the rulers of the electoral states to select him with money borrowed from the Fuggers; ruled a vast multinational empire that included Spain and its possessions in the New World, the Netherlands, southern Italy, and the Habsburg possessions in Austria; unable to effectively control his empire; signed the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 |
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| French king who struggled against Charles V for the throne, and lost |
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| fought between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and some of the Protestant princes in Germany |
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| 1555; granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in those territories ruled by a Lutheran ruler, while a Catholic ruler ensured that the territory remained Catholic |
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| a variety of religious sects that developed during the sixteenth century, inspired in part by Luther's challenge to the established church |
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| believed that baptism works only when it is practiced by adults who are fully aware of the decision they are making; took over the city of Munster in 1534, and attempted to create an Old Testament theocracy in which men were allowed to have multiple wives; Muster recaptured by combined Catholic and Protestant armies; rebaptism was eventually declared as a capital offense throughout the Holy Roman Empire |
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| denied the scriptural validity of the Trinity |
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| (1484-1531); strict sacramentarian in that he denied al the sacrements; to him, the Last Supper was a memorial of Christ's death and did not entail, as it did for Luther, the actual presence of Christ; Swiss patriot; concerned with this world and called for social reform; died leading the troops of Zurich against the Swiss Catholic cantons in battle |
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| (1509-1564); born in France; settled in Geneva, Switzerland; wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" in which he argued that grace was bestowed on relatively few individuals, and the rest were consigned to hell. Since God was all-powerful and had already predestined our fate, there was no room for free will; strict disciplinarian; tried to make Geneva the new Jerusalem: closed all taverns and inflicted penalties for such crimes as having a gypsy read your fortune |
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| began to spread rapidly in 1540s and 1550s; became established church in Scotland; in the mid-sixteenth century it was a dynamic Calvinism, rather than the increasingly moribund Lutheranism, that stood in opposition to a newly aggressive Catholic Church during the Catholic Counter-Reformation |
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| French Calvinists, only a significant minority of the people |
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| (r. 1509-1546); powerful English monarch; supported Catholic church; criticized Luther in his pamphlet "The Defense of the Seven Sacraments" |
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| Henry VIII's attempt to end his marriage to his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she had not produced a male heir; Catholic Church refused to annul the marriage |
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| first wife of Henry VIII; failed to produce a male heir; previously married to Henry's older brother, before he died; aunt of powerful Emperor Charles V; marriage to Henry VIII declared null and voice by English church tribunal headed by Archbishop of Canterbury |
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| Henry VIII fell in love with her; she virtually refused to sleep with him unless he made her his queen; he bribed her to sleep with him by making her the Marchioness of Pembroke and giving her an annual income of £1,000; pregnant three months later, so they secretly married; mariage declared lawful by English church tribunal headed by Archbishop of Canterbury |
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| begun in November 1529 by Henry VIII, continued for seven years; Henry used it to give him ultimate authority on religious matters |
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| Act in Restraint of Appeals |
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| issued by Parliament in 1533; declared that all spiritual cases within the Kingdom were within the King's jurisdiction and authority and not the pope's |
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| Elizabeth Tudor (Renaissance and Reformation) |
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| first daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn |
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| Henry VIII's third wife; birthed Henry's first son, Edward |
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| 1534; acknowledged the King of England as the Supreme Head of the Church of England |
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| (r. 1547-1553); son of Henry VIII; attempted to institute genuine Protestant theology into the church that Henry had created |
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| (r. 1553-1558); daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII; wife of fanatically Catholic Philip II of Spain; attempted to bring England back to the orbit of the Catholic Church; succeeded in restoring formal links between England and the papacy; allowed for several hundred Protestant Englishmen to be burnt at the stake |
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| (r. 1558-1603); daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII; had Church of England follow a middle-of-the-road Protestant course |
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| Catholic Reformation; Catholic Church took steps to counteract some of the successes of the Protestant side |
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| Index of Prohibited Books |
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| during Catholic Reformation; included works by writers such as Erasmus and Galileo |
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| revived during Catholic reformation; individuals who were deemed to be heretics were put to death for their religious beliefs |
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| (1545-1563); dominated by the papacy, and, in turn, enhanced its power; took steps to address some of the issues that had sparked the Reformation: placed limits on the selling of church offices, mandated that a seminary for the education of clergy should be established in every diocese; refused to concede any point of theology to the Protestants; emphatically endorsed their traditional teaching on such matters as the sacraments, the role of priests, and the belief that salvation comes from faith as well as works |
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| developed partially because the Council of Trent urged that a more intesely religious art be created |
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| Society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
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| organized by Ignatius Loyola; accepted as an official order of the church in a papal bull in 1540; distinguished themselves as a teaching order; worked as Catholic missionaries in places where Lutheranism had made large inroads, such as Poland |
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| (1491-1556); Spanish noble; wounded in battle and spent his recuperation time reading various Catholic tracts; underwent religious conversion; attempted to reconcile himself with God through autere behavior; became hermit; decided that even if the bible did not exist, there was still the spirit |
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| Ignatius Loyola's writings that lay out his beliefs |
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