Sleep talking, happens during stage 4, no remembrance of event.

Drug Dependance

(Physical and Psychological)

Physical- Compulsive pattern of drug use where you start to tolerate a drug. Often has very unplesant withdrawl symptoms.

Psychological-Something that coexists with physcial dependance, doesn't necessarly develop a tolerance, can happen after first time of using.

Things that speed up central nervous system

Exp. Nicotine, cocaine

Slow down nervous system

Exp. Alcohol and Antidepressants

Type of depressant that comes from poppy seed of opium. Usually a pain reliever/ makes a calming effect.

Exps. Morphine, coedine, heroin

Started off studying the digestion of dogs and ended up discovering that the dogs were salivating before food wasnt even present.

Came up with classic/respondant conditioning

Organism associates one stimulus with another stimulus causing them to cause the same effect even when presented seperatly.

Unlearned response to unconditioned stimulus

Neutral stimulus becomes an uncondtioned stimulus and elicits the same response

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcer

(operant)

Positive Reinforcement

(operant)

Stimulus is added to the enviroment after the behavior causing it to increase the behavior behavior.

(good behavior gets a kid cookies, they are more likely to behave well because of it)

Negative Reinforcement

(operant)

Taking stimulus away after behavior to increase the behavior.

(teenager gets nagged for not taking trash out, he/she takes the trash out and they are no longer nagged. therefore increasing behavior of taking out the trash.

Taking away the reinforcement causes the behavior to decrease over time. (reinforcement is withheld)

Positive Punishment

(Operant)

Stimulus is added after the behavior to decrease the behavior happening again.

(Child is spanked for misbehaving causing bad behavior to decrease)

Negative Punishment

(Operant)

Stimulus is taken away after the behavior to decrease the behavior in the future.

(Child talks back to parent, parents takes away TV time, causing the child to not want to misbehave again)

Skinner's Work

Rates and finding patterns in nature.

Skinner designed his famous Skinner box, a compartment in which a rat, by pressing a bar, learns to repeat the act because each time he does so a pellets of food is received as a reward.)

Chomsky's Theory

Structural View of Language

(Chomsky)

It has surface structure, just the way they are written, the form of writing

Functional View of Language

(Skinner)

viruses or harmful agents, germs that can cause harmful effects to the unborn child.

exps.x-rays, STDs, cigarettes, heavy alcohol consumptions

Effects on unborn child: Miscarriage, low birth weight, fetal alcohol syndrome, mental retardation, smaller brains at birth, etc

The Four Stages (Piajet)

Sensorimotor Stage

Direct sense and fine motor skills

Object Permanance: object isn't there unless you can see it.

The Four Stages (Piajet)

2) Preoperational Stage

Having symbolic thought

Centration: Over focus on one aspect

Age 6-11 or 12

The Four Stages (Piajet)

3) Concrete Operation Stage

It isn't just one idea focusing, things can change shape and still be the same object.

Conservation: physical appearance may change but still be the same quanity

The Four Stages (Piajet)

4) Formal Operation Stage

Around 11 or 12 years old, a person is able to have logical abstract thoughts and ideas.

Critism: Things are very distinct from one another, there is a middle point

The government might be wrong, if the majority thinks the same way.

Retrieve information from storage

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

(Three Systems Model)

How psychology and health work together

• Causes: a prolonged and serve stress reaction to a catastrophic even or to chronic serve stress.
• Symptoms: Flash backs, nightmares, or intrusive memories that make you feel like it’s a reenactment of something.
• "Survior Guilt"- When someone lives while others die, feel like they could have done more to save them or think that they should have died to.

Abnormal behavior

What is considered strange within ones own life. (Maladaptive, situations, values…)

Perspectives on psychological disorders

DSM-IV

Diagnostics and statistical manual of disorders. (4th Edition)

Anxiety disorders

disturbance characterized by fearful thoughts of the future.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Chronic obsessive worrying for 6 months or more. Not only worry about themselves but they worry about their friends and family as well

Panic disorder; panic attack

Reaccuring panic attacks and extreme anxiety about future attacks. Visit doctors offices and emergency rooms often.

Phobias – specific, social, agoraphobia

irrational fear, often associated with avoidance of the object of such fears.

Agoraphobia- an intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is not possible or in which help would not be available if one experienced overwhelming anxiety or panic attacks.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder; obsessions, compulsions

• irrational fear, often associated with avoidance of the object of such fears.
  • Obsessions- A persistent, involuntary thought, image, or impulse that causes stress.
  • Compulsions- an irrational and repetitive impulse to perform some act

Mood disorders

Characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in emotions and mood.

Major depressive disorder

 Feeling of great sadness, despair, and hopelessness.

Bipolar disorder

behavior that involves both depressive and manic episodes

Schizophrenia – main types, positive symptoms, negative symptoms

a term used to describe undesirable conduct characterized by hallucinations, delusions, or bizarre behavior.

Disorganized Schizophrenia, 

Paranoid Schizophrenia, 

Catatonic Schizophrenia, 

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

Negative Symptoms: the loss of ability to act normally,  withdrawal, apathy, loss of motivation, no goals, poor hygiene and problem solving, and may come off as blank or emotionless.

Somatoform disorders

Physical symptoms are present due to a psychological cause rather than a medical cause.

Hypochondriasis

A person is preoccupied with their health and fear that their physical symptoms are a sign of some serious disease. Often spends a lot of time going from doctor to doctor for the same problem.

Conversion disorder

A person suffers a loss of motor or sensory functioning in some parts of the body. Not a physical problem more than likely a psychological one.

Sexual disorders

What is normal sexual behavior is arbitrary, determined by social attitudes. Problems of sexual identity, sexual performance, and sexual aim.

Psychotherapy

Any type of treatment for emotional and behavioral disorders that uses psychological rather than biological means

The first psychodynamic therapy, which was developed by Freud and uses free association, dream analysis, and transference

Behavior modification

An approach to therapy that uses learning principles to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive responses

Token economy

A behavior modification technique that rewards appropriate behavior with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired goods and/or privileges

Time out

A behavior modification technique used to eliminate undesirable behavior, especially in children and adolescents, by withdrawing all reinforcers for a period of time (usually no more than 15 minutes)

Systematic desensitization

A behavior therapy that is based on classical conditioning and used to treat fears by training clients in deep muscle relaxation and then having them confront a graduated series of anxiety-producing situations (real or imagined) until they can remain relaxed while confronting even the most feared situation

Flooding

A behavior therapy based on classical conditioning and used to treat phobias by exposing clients to the feared object or event for an extended period, until their anxiety decreases

Biological therapy

A therapy (drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, or psychosurgery) that is based on the assumption that psychological disorders are symptoms of underlying physical problems

Drug therapy

 Most frequently used biological treatment