• They had an impact that made water and purity important.
• They instituted polytheism with their numerous amounts of Gods
• The introduction of the Vedas which led to the development of Shruti and Smirti.

Brahmo Samaj

• Founded by Ram Mohan Roy as a religious association with new ideas
• Advocated western Education for both men and women
• Contextualized the Upanishads according to time, denouncing idolaltry, and that Hinduism is monotheistic not polytheistic
• Abolished sati and dowry system 
• Rejected the Bhagavda gita.  No faith in the scripture as authorative text.

Arya Samaj

• Founded by Swami Dayananda
• against idolatry, polytheism, puja, pilgirmages and denies divinity of Rama and Krishna
• Vedas alone are word of God: Upanishad and Brahamas are regarded as authorative
• Bhagavita has no place in Hinduism
• Varnas are by merit, not hereditary
• opposed child marriage, polygamy, suppression of women.  Encouraged women to remarry and inter caste relations

Bhagavad Gita

1. Song of the Lord
2. Rivalry between two cousins for the rule of india, Krishna becomes a charioteer for Arjuna, and bodyguard, reassures him by teaching him teh meanign of human duty and vine soul. 
3. Conversation between Krishna, the avatar of Vishnu as Lord, loving creator, and Arjuna a warrior of the Pandavas as being told by Sanjaya
4. one must do his caste duty and fight
5. shows several ways to salvation- Way of Knowledge, way of Mediation, and action
6. Teaches the best way of devotion is to Krishna, the base of Brahman

Teachings of Bhagavad Gita

• proposes that true enlightenment comes from growing beyond identification with the temporal ego, the false self, the ephemeral world
• identifies the truth of the immortal selfthe aboslute soul or Atman.
• Through detachment from the material sense of ego, one is able to transcend the illusory mortality and attachment to the material world and enter the realm of the supreme
• One must live on Earth in accordance with great laws and truths

Karma to Hinduism

Karma is an action, and energy that continues to exist.  It is the engin that drives the wheel of the cycle of uncontrolled rebirth

Laws of Manu

• Set forth the laws of social classes
• contain laws rules and codes of conduct

5 Classes of the Laws of Manu

• Brahmans/priests-the perform sacrifice, study and teach the Vedas, to guard the rules of dharma and sacred laws
• Warriors/Kshatriyas-the protectors of society, kings, to rule according to dharma
• Vaisya-traders, herders, and farmers
• Sudras- Beggas
• Outcastes-dirty job workers, of dead bodies, fish and leather

Four Stages of Life According to Laws of Manu

• Student Stage
• Household Stage
• Forest Dweller
• Renouncer of the World, Sannyasi

Atman

• Atman has many meanings, the self, a spiritual self, the inmost core of a human being, the soul
• The essential I
• the physical processes of birth, growth decline and death
• The soul is a core reality concealed from ordinary observation and material things

Social Stratification of Hinduism

• Set up in the Laws of Manu
• Was tried to be removed by the Reform Movements
• Jati-a group with whom the individuals identifies in marriage and in eating
• Currently about a nation rather than family clan or caste

Brahman

• Central concept of the Upanishad
• formulation of truth, reality
• the ultimate and basic essence of the cosm
• the world soul that is All in and behind the world
• The World Soul, the holy power informs and animates the whole of reality
• came to used as the name of the divine ultimate or of god, but different from Brahama, creator God
• lays beyond qualities and beyond speech

Women in Hinduism

• Role of women-Female Goddesses, they play important role, general devies, in Hinduism. But there are more male priests than female priests. Priesthood is a way of maintaining male dominance

Karma to Jains

Karma is a thought of as a kind of pollution that taints.  Based on Karma, a soul undergoes trnasmigration and reincarnates in various states of existence.  inequality and suffering and pain are evidence of the existence of Karma.

Beliefs of the Jains

• no creator god and world exists by its very own nature.
• Stress-ahimsa, no injury of any living being and non violence
• believe in the way of action
• Universe is eternal and unrelated, rejecting the concept of a supreme being of creative spirit
• Samsara and Moksha-rebirth and transmigration of the soul, moksha is to be liberated from all desires from bonds of matter, nirvana
• Jiva-soul and a jiva- a non living matter

Digambaras(sky-clan)

1. Demands monks are unclothed
2. women can not achieve nirvana
3. Accept the Purvas as the survivable scripture

Svetambaras(white clad)

• monks must wear robes
• women can achieve nirvana
• larger of two groups
• original scriptures lost

Five Great Vows of Jainism

1. non violence
2. truth
3. non-stealing
4. celibacy
5. non-attachment

Additional Vows of Jains

• limit chances of committing transgressions
• limited number of personal possessions
• guard against evils
• observe meditation
• observe personal ascetic limitation
• spend some living as monastics
• give alms to a monastic community

Jains Road to Deliverance

Tapas that are to be followed by Monks

• spiritual heat
• pasth to austerity(refrain from worldly pleasures
• long periods of fasting and control of emotions
• meditation -emptiness and serenity to obtain liberation.

The Nine Truths of Jainism

1. Soul
2. the inanimate things
3. the binding of the soul by karma
4. merit
5. demerit
6. that which cause the soul to be affected by sins
7. the prevention of asrava by watchfulness
8. the annihilation of Karma
9. Final Deliverance

Jainist faith

AHIMSA

• contributes to the idea of karmic consequences
• its a rule of conduct that bans the killing and injuring of living things connected with a notion that all kinds of violence entails negative consequences.

Karma to Buddhism

• It means mental intent and afflictions, and the laws of karma are natural.  
• law of cause and effect. 
• In Buddhism however, karma mainly refers to one's intention or motivation while doing an action. 'you get what you give'. In other words; whatever you do intentionally to others, a similar thing will happen to yourself in the future. 
• seeking and sharing of merit.

Mahayana Buddhism

1. individuals linked to others
2. the life of the Buddha
3. primary virtue: compassion
4. goal: Buddhahood
5. ideal figure:boddhisattva
6. Buddha as a symbol of savior
7. worldly life
8. rich cosmologywith many
9. liberal interpation
10. nirvana as extinction of ignorance

Boddhisattva

• Focuses on devotion as savior beings
• Amitabha, central in the Pureland schools of Eastern Buddhism
• He won mastery over karma, accumulated merits, is generous patient intelligent 
• knows how to win the affection of all creatures
• is rich in goodness and blessed with good qualities
• wisdom being
• The person who is on the path to perfect Buddhahood
• The one who has attained enlightenment, but live in this world to help others gain their enlightenment
• The person takes a vows to overcome innumerable defilements, attain Buddhahood, and to save all beings
• The person requires merit and knowledge, devotion, reflections on the suffering of beings

Theravada Buddhism

1. individual emancipation
2. teachings of the Buddha
3. primary virtue: wisdom
4. monastic life and renunciation
5. goal: personal liberation
6. ideal figure: arahat
7. Buddha as a saint or sage 
8. cosmological speculation useless Buddhas
9. tendency towards textualism(Pali)
10. nirvana as extinction of existence 

Suffering 

• Suffering is Dukkha
• cause of suffering-cravings and thirst
• End of suffering - nirvana
• Path to end suffering is Eightfold Path
• The Buddhas First Sermon
• It's all those things that are unpleasant, imperfect and which we would like to be otherwise
• suffering is inherent in the fabric of life, happiness does not last
• realistic assessment of problem is the key to solve it

Anatman

• Search for identifying and liberating one's ture self
• In Brahmanism, atman was seen as a personal of universal Self, sometimes identical with Brahman
• IN Jainism, atman was seen as the individuals life principle(jiva)
• The Buddha said that anything is subect to change, to the disharmony of suffering; so, no permanent, independent self.  This is aimed at overcoming attachment=detaching self from the world

Cause of Suffering

• The cause of suffering is craving and thirst
• Craving causes suffering in several ways: 

Leads to the suffering of frustration

Motivates people to perform various actions 

whose karmic results lead on to further rebirths

Leads to quarrels, strife, conflict between

individuals and groups

3 types of Cravings

• Cravings for sensual pleasures
• cravings for existence(self protection, ego enhancement
• craving for non-existence (to get ride of unpleasant things, peoples, situations, suicide
• Other causes: views(speculations, theories opinions) and conceit

Origin of Suffering

• Doctrine of Conditional Arising or Dependent Origination
• Samyutta Nikaya
• All things mental physical arise and exist due to the presence of certain conditions, and cease once their conditions are removed: nothing expect Nibbana is independent
• 12fold chain

End of Suffering

• Nibbana literally means "extinction", like "extinction of a fire"
• This, monks, is the Holy Truth of cesstation of Dukkah: utter cessatation, without attachment, of that very craving, its renunciation, surrender, release, lack of pleasure in it
• When craving, when chain of the causes come to an end Dukkha ceases, This is the ultimate goal

Nirvana/Nibbana

• Nibbana during life is possible when craving and the chain ends but once attained this stoppping can be returned too
• The stopping of dukkha, the unborn, the unbecome, the unmade th unconditioned, the deathless, detachment, emptiness
• "peace, truth, Purity" the highest bliss, timeless, stable

Four Noble Truths

• Suffering (dukkha)
• Cause of Suffering: craving (tanha), thirst (trishna)
• End of Suffering (nirvana), 
• The Path to End  Suffering: the Eightfold Path 

Eightfold Path to End Suffering

• Right view or understanding
• Right directed thought/aspiration
• Right speech
• Right action
• Right livelihood
• Right effort
• Right mindfulness
• Right concentration

The Five and Ten Precepts: Vows of Buddhism

• No Taking Life
• No Taking what is not given
• No Sexual misconduct
• No Lying/Wrong speech
• No Intoxicants           1-5 to all Buddhist 
• 
  
• No Eating after noon
• No Watching shows
• No Adorning the self
• No Using a high or wide bed
• No Receiving gold or silver  6-10 additional for monks/nuns

Goals of Hindu

• Main Goal spiritual emancipation
• moksha-release from life on earth leading to the soutl to release
• practice Dharma

Goals of Jains

• to attain a liberated state completely free from effects of karma.  Attained by sticking to the 5 great vowsa and asceticism. 
• Moksha-liberated from all all desires and from the bonds of matter 

Samsara

12 Goals of Jainism

1. Non-injury/ahimsa 

2. Truth and honesty in business affairs

3. Refraining from wrong sexual conduct

4. Not stealing

5. Renunciation of attachment to material wealth.

6. Limit chances of committing transgressions (such as travel)

7. Limit the number of personal possessions 

8. Guard against evils

9. Observe meditation

10. Observe personal ascetic limitation

11. Spend some time living as a monastic

12. Give alms to a monastic community

Women in Jainism

Women in Buddhism

Buddhism and women-there are nuns. Thervada and Mahayana(more liberal)

Theravada monkhood dominated by males

Tantric Buddhism

• outlining meditational system incorporating ritual, magic and rich symbolism
• Aims at attaining Buddhahood more quickly thatn Mahayana
• Spread to Korea and Japan
• Sexual Yoga - transmuted into a power of liberation, deseire is employed as a means to reach the goal of extinguishing desire
• Love and passion: the twin consepts of insight and wisdom and compassion.  All Goddesses are symbols of insight and the gods represent compassion.
• rituals promise to transfer merit to the dead adn lead their spirits to a good and better rebirth

Buddhist Devotion

• various artifacts: images
• devotion to buddhas and boddhisattavas can be expressed before in a home shrine
• Stupas
• Temples: a meeting/preaching hall, 
• donating money land or other things to the build temples and monastery seeking merrit
• bowing and offerings
• Chanting
• Pilgrimages
• Buddhist Festivals

Buddhist Ethics

• Karma
• The Five Precepts=not to kill, steal induldge in sexual misconduct, lie, or take intoxicant
• Dhammapada-path of righteousness or Word of the doctrine
• Compassion, and giving
• Good social relationships

Pure Land Buddhism

Practices of Pure Land Buddhism

• Recitationi of the Amitabhas name mantra this is repetition of the name is called nebutso
• faith in desire to be reborn in the pure land
• devotion to reading and visualizing the Pure Land

Zen Buddhism

• Zen- mediation
• meditation not just a method: truth in action
• Boddhidarma
• represents a fusion between Indian and Chinese ideological practices
• Goal of Satori -realization that empitness is inherent in all beings
• emancipation of the ordinary mind from rationality
• ability to live in samsara as well as nirvana
• can be realized many time
• techniques: meditation, verbal/nonverbal exchanges with tehmaster, visualization, and other techniques work and travel

Zen Buddhism

• aims at intuitive awareness
• little dependence on words or scripture
• seated meditation
• direct and immediate "mind to mind transmission"
• both laity and intellectuals
• Zazen _seated mediation