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-Form of expressing meaning
-Indicates the existence
-Past, present, or future of a thing, event, or condition |
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-form of expressing meaning, often interchangeable with the word sign
-symbols are special kinds of signs |
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| -tie together things that are distinct even when there may not be any natural or symptomatic connection between the symbol and the thing symbolized |
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-one that often takes the form of an image or icon
-more than signs or natural symptoms, and more than representative in a purely conventional sense
-they participate in, or are similar to, the thing they symbolize |
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-a similarity between things otherwise unalike
-because religions often refer to things (gods, a future life and so forth) that lie beyond finite experience, they must speak of these things by analogy |
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| first-order religious discourse |
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-most ordinary religious language
-is richly metaphoric and poetic in character |
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| second-order religious discourse |
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| -a more abstract form of discourse that seeks greater clarity and coherence by translating the symbolic and mythic language into concepts and doctrines |
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-is a distinctive form of symbolic communication
-not a literal statement
-a basic form of our ordinary discourse |
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| -it is essentially an extended metaphor and it reveals the same surprise and openness to new insight that we have observed in a true metaphor |
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-seen as a multileveled form of symbolic connection
-is to be defined as a complex of stories- some no doubt fact, and some fancy- which, for various reasons, human beings regard as demonstrations of the inner meaning of the universe and of human life |
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-anthropologist
-offers the clearest treatment of the functionalist approach in his book "Myth in Primitive Psychology"
-he considers myth as an indispensable ingredient in all culture |
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| -contribution to the scientific study of religion is centered on his theory of the archetypes of the collective unconscious, that is, on those firmly established symbolic and mythic images that reappear in a variety of cultures and historical periods |
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-that the unconscious includes materials that are psychically real prior o their personal appropriation
-they are inherent potentials in the psychic structure of all individuals |
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| -an inherited idea or made of thought in the psychology of Jung that is derived from the experience of the race and is present in the unconscious of the individual |
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-self-realization
-power of individual psychic healing
-means precisely the better and more complete fulfillment of the collective qualities of the human being |
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-dogma
-a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party or other group |
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| -can represent the enduring structures of the cosmic order which myths dramatize in narrative form |
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-humans made efforts to appease or conciliate spirits or powers
-all cultures and societies about which we possess reliable information clearly reveal some form of this behavior |
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-belief in one personal, transcendent Creator God as opposed to belief in many gods
-Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are examples of monotheistic religions |
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| -recognition and worship of more than one god; conceives of sacred power as being manifested in diverse forms |
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| -logical error of judging the nature, value, or truth of a religion based on a description or analysis of its origin or earliest expression |
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| substantive definition of religion |
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| functional definition of religion |
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| -derived from the Greek words meaning “doctrine of the world”; has to do with the branch of philosophical or scientific speculation that deals with the origin and structure of the world |
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-self-consciousness
-the act or condition of going/being beyond ego or egoity |
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-those beliefs or actions that focus on personal existence in contrast to those matters that are impersonal or indifferent to the person
-Existentialism is concerned with protesting against positions that view the person as an object or purely rational or scientific analysis
-It emphasizes the “subjective”- things such as finitude, guilt, suffering, and death that cannot be approached in the manner of scientific problem solving – and the ambiguities of life that arise from our unique human freedom |
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| -used to refer to preliterate human societies, either primordial or contemporary |
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-the study of the nature of God and religious belief
-from the Greek logos, "speech" or "inquiry" concerning theos, or the "gods" |
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-the practice of judging and commenting on the qualities and character of literary works
-it is important in the study of religion because the events, beliefs and authoritative teachings of a religion are often found in a collection of sacred writings |
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-the academic (critical) study of the history of religions
-the study of historical writing
-attempts to reconstruct historical context |
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-the study of humankind
-the study of human beings and societies viewed primarily as both creators and the creations of culture
-examines the religious dimensions of human beings and societies |
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-(1858-1917)
-French sociologist
-one of the founders of modern sociology
-was responsible for turning the interest of anthropologists to the study of the social functions of religion |
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-method most widely used by anthropologists
-method applied to the study of religion that is not interested in the history or evolution of religions but rather focuses on how religion functions in a particular social structure or cultural context
example: what roles a particular religious ritual plays in the social life of a tribe |
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-the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society
-examines social behavior
-it is more concerned with social institutions in modern sociaty |
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-(1864-1920)
-German economist and sociologist
-Regarded as one of the founders of modern sociology
-Argued that there was a direct relationship between the Protestant work ethic and the rise of capitalism |
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| -the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context |
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-Austrian neurologist and psychotherapist
-He was the first to emphasize the significance of unconscious processes in normal and neurotic behavior and was the founder of psychoanalysis as both theory and personality and a therapeutic practice |
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-studied religion and prejudice in the United States
-Found religions to be intrinsic and extrinsic |
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-internalizing religion so that it is your “master motive”
-Living the religion |
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| -finding religion as “useful”, providing things such as solace sociability, and social status |
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| the falsification principle |
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| -used to test the meaningfulness of certain religious assertions |
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| the phenomenological method |
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-one of the most illuminating approaches to the study of religion
-Derived from the Greek, “phainomenon”, meaning “that which appears”
-descriptive interpretation of religious phenomena that restrains judgement |
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| -a method or theory of interpretation |
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-a historian of religion
-Argued that a religious datum “reveals its deeper meaning when it is considered on its plane of reference, and not when it is reduced to one of its secondary aspects
-Religion is “an experience sui generis, incited by man’s encounter with the sacred” |
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| -a failure to “identify an emotion, practice, or experience under the description by which the subject identifies it.” |
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| -an explanation of an experience in terms that are not those of the subject and might not meet with his approval |
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| -a social or religious custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice or forbidding association with particular person, place or thing |
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| -a natural object or animal believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and adopted by it as an emblem |
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-from the Greek eikon, meaning “image” or “likeness”; a symbolic sacred image, usually painted on flat wood panels or canvas, that materially embodies a spiritual meaning and power
-They are sacramental in that they make present the sacred or the divine and are venerated in Eastern Orthodox Christian churches |
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-regards the holy as an experience peculiar to religion
-He acknowledges that the holy often is associated with morality and that inevitably it does become conceptualized in the form of myths and doctrines |
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| -having a strong religious or spiritual quality; indicating or suggesting the presence of divinity |
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-mysterium is the experience of a reality that, is perceived as lying beyond our capacity to comprehend or conceptualize fully
-Tremendum is a feeling of peculiar dread and awe |
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| -provokes expressions of joyful thanksgiving, praise, and adoration |
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| -from the Greek “hieros” meaning “sacred” and “phanein” meaning to “appear” |
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| -the branch of science that deals with the origin of the universe, esp. the solar system |
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| -a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine |
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| -a geometric figure representing the universe in Hindu and Buddhist symbolism |
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-a sacred place
-It became the “holy mountain” |
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| -seeing religion as the “depth dimension” of all human experience |
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-an agreed-on and formalized pattern of ceremonial movements and verbal expressions carried out in a sacred context
-“condensed symbols” |
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-The life on an individual in any society is a series of passages
-Life comes to be made up of a succession of stages with similar ends and beginnings: birth, social puberty, marriage, fatherhood, advancement to higher class, occupational specialization, and death
-Often reveal a common pattern, consisting of three distinct elements: separation, transition, and reincorporation. |
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-The transitional stage of the life cycle
-Limen signifies “threshold” in Latin |
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-The spontaneous bond of communication between members of a society
-The attainment of communitas is considered holy or sacred because it “breaks through the interstices of structure” and transgresses or dissolves the norms that govern institutionalized relationships” |
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-Initiation into adulthood
-Has to do with the transitions from the asexual world of childhood o an adult society that is differentiated by sexual roles
-Rites marking the transition to adulthood reveal a rather common pattern in which the initiates are socially isolated and their behavior restricted |
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-A prevalent type of nonperiodic ritual
-Undertaken to meet a specific crisis in the life of an individual or a community, such as illness, miscarriage, failure in the hunt, or drought |
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-The word Shaman is Siberian
-A distinct class of religious specialists found among the native Americas, Eskimos, and the tribes of South and Southeast Asia; undergo strenuous initiations by which they gain control over the spirits and are able to use he in healing and in flights to the spirit world |
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| seasonal and calendar rites |
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| -Closely associates with the rhythmic changes of nature, with the cycles of the sun and moon; with water, spring, summer, and autumn; as well as with seed time and harvest |
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-A celebration at the beginning of each year at the vernal equinox, during the first 12 days of the month of Nisan (March-April)
-The festival is a threshold rite marking the transition from one status to another
-The ritual is an exemplary model of the seasonal pattern so common among agricultural societies |
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-To cause to become favorably inclined, to appease or conciliate another
-Offerings have been made to propitiate the spirits or gods, to achieve their favor, and to minimize their hostility |
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-The most important function of sacrifice
-The making of amends
-For defilement or transgression
-The way in which corporate purgation and atonement is usually achieved is through the community’s representative, or scapegoat |
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| -It has come to refer to someone who is blamed for someone else’s errors and who bears the burden of blame, but this is a distortion of its original intention |
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-The holiest day of the Jewish year
-The Day of Atonement
-The rites focused excusively on the removal of pollution, but in the later Temple and synagogue rites, it became more closely associated with the atonement of sins, understood in terms of the Jewish community’s moral obligations under he Covenant with their God |
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-Makes use of temporal things-words, gestures, and objects- for a spiritual purpose, to make manifest the sacred or the supernatural
-A classic definition of a sacrament, found in he catechism of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, states that it is “an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace |
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