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| A place where devotees live, often the house of a guru. It can also refer to the four stages of Hindu life: student, householder, retired person, and sannyasin. |
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| Literally means success. It is one of the four main religious goals of Hinduism. The idea is that in addition to following dharma (virtue) and kama (pleasure), Hindus should also strive to be successful in the activities of their lives. It should be seen in contrast to the goal of moksha, which is to strive for liberation from samsara. |
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| A group of people who emigrated from the west into the upper Indus Valley and the nearby territory around 1500 BCE. They conquered the Dravidians and established what is now termed the Vedic culture. |
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| General term for a person who denies themselves some of the necessities of life, such as food, clothing, shelter. Often such a person goes to the extreme of rejecting all social norms and expectations. A general term that includes the Hindu categories of sadhu and sannyasin. |
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An individuals soul or self. The ultimate goal in Hinduism is to achieve moksha through the realization that one's Atman and Brahman are the same thing. This is accomplished through different types of yoga.
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| A manifestation of a god in an earthly form, usually that of a human or animal. The god vishnu has two main avatars: Krishna and Rama, and eight others |
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| The section of the Mahabharata in which Krishna reveals himself to Arjuna and in a long theological discussion describes the main components of karma yoga. |
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| a worshipper, one who shows devotion to a hindu god of goddess |
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| practices of worship or devotion to a Hindu god or goddess. |
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| A type of yoga in which a person worships a god of goddess. The idea is to approach the divine being by showing one's love through worship and by subordinating oneself. A modern version of bhakti yoga in the West is the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, popularly known as the Hare Krishnas. |
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| Brahma is the manifestation of Brahman into the world of maya. In opposition to brahman is the essence of creation (a spirit), brahma takes on a form fitting with the natural world. he is often mentioned as an equal with Vishnu and Shiva. |
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| The power behind and within the cosmos that makes it function and live. Can also be seen as the Ultimate Reality. Sometimes it is though of as a god. In the early vedic religion, this was the focus of worship by the Brahmins. In classic and modern hinduism it is rarely worshipped directly. One of the recurring goals in Hinduism is to understand the link between Brahman-the force behind the cosmos and the Atman-the sould of each individual human. |
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| Early vedic commentaries about Hindu ritual |
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| The highest of the four main Hindu castes (varnas). Priestly caste. |
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| Hindu terms for god and goddess |
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| (the protecting mother), sometimes known simply as the Goddess, who appears in some form in every region of India. She is often identified as the creative energy of the universe, and is considered by her followers the equal of Vishnu and Shiva |
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| In Hinduism-means virtue. In particular, it refers to the duties of a person's caste and the idea that it is virtuous always to fulfill those duties willingly and expertly. |
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| The oldest known inhabitants of the indian subcontinent. Archaeological remains of their have been found in the Indus River Valley that date to 2700 bce. In some areas, the Dravidians were conquered by the Aryans when they migrated from the west around 1500 bce. |
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| One of the wives of Shive. She is the goddess of retribution and justice. She is both beautiful and fierce, and usually appears with her weapons and riding upon a tiger or a lion. |
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| The god of good fortune. He takes away obstacles and brings success. This is the elephant-headed son of Shiva and Parvati. He is sometimes called Ganapati. |
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| A holy teacher. Occasionally a Brahmin who teaches |
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| The form of yoga devoted only to bodily control. In the west, it is often seen as the only type of yoga and is simply called "yoga" |
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| The second of the four stages of human life (male). This is when one takes on the responsibilities of adult life. It is the time for marriage, raising children, being involved in business and one's community. |
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| The discipline in which one learns the true nature of the cosmos and then uses that knowledge to connect oneself with the Atman. In this way, a person can attain moksha |
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| A goddess who is one of the wives if Shiva. She represents the wild, destructive character. She is often linked to death, wearing a necklace of human skulls, a skirt of human limbs, and with blood dripping from her weapons. At times, she can even overcome her husband. |
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| Pleasure, one of the four encouraged goals of life in Hinduism. Kama refers primarily to aesthetic pleasure, wuch as the enjoyment of music drama, dance, painting, sculpture, and so on. It can also refer to sexual pleasure. Indeed one of the best-known Hindu books in the west is the Kama Sutra, a manual for sexual activity. |
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| The Sanskrit term meaning action. It refers to a concept in which the results of one's actions accumulate over one's life. Upon death, an individual's karma-this store of the results of actions-determines whether one is reborn in a higher or lower status. |
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| A discipline of work or action. The goal is to achieve moksha through the ilimination of one's karma through work, that is involvement in life and business. Essentially, if a person can work without viewing the results of their efforts as one of their own, then the results cancel part of their karma rather than adding to it. One form of karma yoga works as a version of achieve bhakti yoga, in which a person's actions are seen as a form of love and devotion to a divine being. Another form works as a version of achieve jnana yoga, in which one becomes detached from the works results as one enters a deeper experience of their atman. |
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| A god who is one of the avatars of Vishnu. He plays a key role in the Mahabharata. In the mahabharata appears the Bhagavad Gita which is a theological discourse he gives while waiting to go into battle and describes the basis of karma yoga, jnana yoga, and bhakti yoga. |
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| The goddess of prosperity. |
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| The second-century bce epic about Krishna and the five royal Pandu brothers who must battle their kuru cousins. It contains the famous Bhagavad Gita. |
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| A sequence of sounds used as a focus of meditation. The most famous mantra is that of "om" |
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| The true nature of the cosmos we can see. In sanskrit the word means illusion, but that does not just mean that it is imaginary. Instead, since it is what we can see, we must deal with it and live within it. |
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| Liberation or release from the cycle of death and rebirth |
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| One of shiva's wives. She represents erotic and sensual love, the love of courtship and wooing. She is the mother of Ganesha |
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| food which has been blessed |
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| An offering(usually flowers, food, adoration, music, etc.) to a god or goddess. |
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| A group of writings about the adventures and activities of Hinduism's gods and goddesses. Most were composed during the classical period of Hinduism, with some being written later. |
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| A discipline that uses psycho-physical means i.e. meditation-to achieve moksha. A person learns to control the functions and activity of their own body and the mind so that they can use the mind to concentrate exclusively on the ultimate reality. |
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| The cycle of death and rebirth. The transmigration of an individual soul to a new body after death. |
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| This is the third of the four stages of human life is sannyasin. During this time, a retiree, also known as a forest dweller, contemplates their life and attempts to formulate an understanding of what it's all about |
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| This is essentially the same as a sannyasin. This is a person who renounces life and everything that goes with it( religion, caste, family, etc.) and essentially becomes a wandering hermit seeking moksha. |
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| Literally, Power. Usually the worship of the goddesses, who all represent some form of power. Parvati represents the power of sensual and sexual attraction and love. Umma represents the powers that surrounds birth (the creation of life) and motherhood. Some goddesses represent violent power as well. Durga is a demon-slayer and often symbolizes retribution and justice. Kali is also a demon-slayer, but whereas Durga's power is controlled, Kali is strongest when her power is out of control. The active shakti power is often illustrated in smbolic in union with the passive male power. Thus parvati is often shown having intercourse with Shiva and Kali is shown triumphant standing on a prone Shiva. |
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| The eighth and final stage of meditation in raja yoga in which a person's mind realizes the Ultimate reality. |
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| The cycle of death and rebirth in both Hinduism and Buddhism |
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| The language in which the Vedas and other Hindu sacred texts are written. It is an old Indo-European language like Greek and Latin. |
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| One of the two main gods of Hinduism. He is associated with a number of goddesses, the main four are Parvati, Umma, Durga, and Kali. |
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| The fourth and lowest Hindu Caste. It literally means "slave". Historically, the members of this varna were servants to those of the higher castes. They are not the only caste that is not twice-born. |
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| The first of the four stages of human life. This is the time from adolescence to about age 20 when one learns and studies. |
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| This refers to the idea of the transmigration of an individual's soul. It is also called samsara or reincarnation. This is the notion that after death, a person's soul is born again into another individual human. |
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| The upper three castes whose males go through a "re-birth" ceremony when they come of age at around 12 |
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| The untouchables are the fifth caste, or more precisely, they are the people who are below the fourth varna and indeed outside the caste system altogether. They are outcaste. Westerners would be put into this caste. |
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| The latest of the writings to be considered part of the Vedic period, written between the eighth and third centuries bce. These are collections of stories, discussions, and instructions addressing issues of the relationship between the human and the ultimate realms. |
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| The third Hindu caste, that of the merchants, traders, farmers and craftsmen. |
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| The hindu term for caste, a social division into which a person is born. There are four major castes in Hindu society: Brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra. The first three castes are considered "twice-born". Each Varna can be divided into a number of jatis. Below these four varnas are the untouchables. |
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| The oldest collection of Hindu sacred texts. They includ the best-known Rig-Veda. They were written between 1500 and 1000 bce. |
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| An adjective refering to the Vedas (as in Vedic Scriptures), the people who originall created and used the Vedas, the period from 1500 to 500 bce during which they were written, or any form of Hinduism or Hindu teachings that derive from the Vedas. |
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| In Sanskrit, it literally means yoke, as in a yoke used to harness oxen. It refers to an organized form of discipline that leads to a goal. This discipline usually involves practices of meditation, mental concentration, exercises of the body including both ones of control and asceticism. In Hinduism, this goal is usually that of moksha, the release of the soul from cycle of death and rebirth. For this course, four types of yoga are important:karma, jnana, raja, and bhakti. |
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| A person who practices some form of Yoga, Male-yogin, female-yogini. |
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| making offerings to please gods and ancestors |
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| People who believe that to get out of cycle of death and rebirth, you must renounce society and focus on getting out. |
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| Had a miraculous birth, along with his mother's miraculous conception. Mom has dream about white elephant piercing her side with tusks, and baby Buddha pops out of mom's hip, lands on his feet, and announces that he has come for the salvation of earth. Buddha is raised by his aunt. |
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Siddhartha Gautama
Shakyamuni-family name, most common.
Tathagata-post-enlightenment |
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| Dad wants him to be a conquerer so he keeps him isolated and sheltered. Buddha lives a life of indulgence in his youth. Then he goes out and witnesses suffering, death, and want. He then renounces a life of indulgence and lives a life of asceticism for 6 years. He then rejects the two extremes and adopts a happy medium. He builds a grass mat and sits under a tree and thinks about birth and death Takes one night. Sees his own and others past lives. He connects with the earth and achieves awakening at age 35. Gives his first sermon to 5 old friends that practiced asceticism with him and this sets the wheel of dharma in motion. |
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1. Existence of Impermanence (dukkha)
2. The Arising of Suffering b/c of Craving(Samudaya)
3. Cessation of Suffering (nirodha)
4. 8 Fold Path (magga) |
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| There is nothing permanent about us. Everything is suffering. We lack a self, non-self (Anatman). We have nothing that will survive death. |
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| The arising of suffering because of craving (samudaya) |
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3 Poisons:
1. Ignorance (pig)
2. Anger (snake)
3. Desire (rooster) |
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The cure, there is a diagnosis (1), and the Cause (2). Then there's cessation
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| Nirvana is like a candle that burns out. As we purify consciousness, it burns brighter, candle burns down all the karma, then the candle peacefully burns out: the cessation of suffering, the cessation of poisons, and the cessation of rebirth. Nirvana is the absence of rebirth. |
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| Wisdom, morality and meditation |
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| Buddha's sermons, everything he ever said |
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| Monastic discipline (rules for monks and nuns) |
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Monks
Nuns
Laymen
Laywomen |
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| Monastic population very small |
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| Much more possibility of expulsion, mostly for sex, anyone who touches a monk between shoulders and knees will be expelled. |
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| Make up majority of Buddhists (90%), have very little contact with sutras. If you're going to give you karmatic return will be greater if you give to monks. |
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| -Freedom/release, the 227 rules set you free |
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| Have 311 rules, Buddha was reluctant to admit them, but changed his mind for unclear reasons. |
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| most common symbol of Buddha today |
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Arose in India as an alternative to Teravada
Claims that Buddha spun the wheel of dharma once for people of limited intelligence and then 2 more times. Believe Buddha is everywhere. Want everyone to be a Bodhisattva, nirvana is selfish. Also called Great Vehicle. |
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| 2nd Turning of the Wheel of Dharma |
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| Said all things are empty of essence, discovered by Nagarjuna, consists of two truths, conventional-world we see before us, and ultimate-all things lack true nature |
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| 3rd Turning of the Wheel of Dharma |
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| More new sutras, which were preserved by Maitreya, the future Buddha. Asanga recovers these sutras for humans. They go back on earlier teachings that there is no self and there are parts that exist and that emptiness. Teaches that all that really matters is the mind. Mind has different levels, we have deep fundamental of mind, a buddha nature, we all have capacity to become buddhas. |
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| Diamond Vehicle, a fast mahayana buddhism, achievement of budda in this life. |
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| Present in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Believe in 1st turning of the Wheel, the only legit turning. Ideal life is in monastics. Practice Study, Ritual, mediation:calming, insight. Theras are the elders. Young men will join monasteries but give it up in a few years. Meditation done mostly by monks. Being a monastic gets you good karma, to eventually reach nirvana. Goal: To reach Arhat-where you've reached nirvana and you have to live out the rest of your life. |
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| not uniquely buddhist, technique to focus mind on one object |
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| Hold mind on absence of self, non-finding of self, produces liberation from suffering. |
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| Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and Mongolia, Believe in 2 turnings of Dharma. Ideal life in monastics. Practice 20 years of monastic study and Vajrayana, Goal is Buddhahood. Most famous text is the Tibetan book of the dead. |
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