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| Altered States of Consciousness |
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- any mental state that differs from a normal state
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- Bodily wounds or pain considered by Christians to be visible signs of participation in the suffering of Christ
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- an altered state of consciousness that is interpreted as a spirit taking over control of a human body and is either deliberately by ritual performance or taking control by a spirit causing illness
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- an altered state of consciousness in which an individual experiences a feeling of becoming one with the supernatural
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- a full-time religious specialist who is associated with formalized religious institutions
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- a part-time religious specialist who recieves his or her power directly from the spirit world and acquires status and the ability to do things through personal communication with the supernatural
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- a religious specialist who concentrates on healing
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- a specialist in the use of plany and other material curing
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- a religious specialist who specializes in divination
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- Someone who communicates the words and will of the gods to his pr her community; acting as an intermediary between the people and the gods
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- ways in which a person can compel the supernatural to behave in certain ways
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- a practitioner who specializes in controliing the supernatural through magic
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- a magician who specializes in the antisocial, evil magic
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- the words that are spoken in a magic ritual
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- magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things
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- Things that are alike are the same
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- Things that were once in contact continue to be in contact after the physical connection is severed
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| Homeopathic of imitative magic |
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- magic that is based on the Law of Similarity
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- Magic that is based on the Law of Contagion, utilizing things that were once in physical contact with an individual
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- a form of homeopathic magic in which an image represtents a living person, which can be killed or injured through doing things to the image
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- Belief that physical structures found in nature, such as the shape of a plant,are indicative(or signatures) of their potential use in healing
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- Compelling the supernatural to behave in certain ways, usually with evil intent
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- a revival of pre-Christian religious practice
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- Supernaturally based techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future
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- a type of divination that involves a spiritual experience, such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness
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| Non inspirational Divination |
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- forms of divination that are performed without the direct involvement of supernatural beings
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| Natural or emotive divination |
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- refers to inspirational divination
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- refers to noninspirational divination
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- A specific device that is used for divination
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- Divination that simply occurs without any conscious effort
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- divination that someone sets out to do
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- a feelings that a person my have
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- divination through contact with ancestors or the dead
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- a fortuitous happening or condition that provides information
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- The belief that all of the starts, planets, as well as the sun and moon influence the destiny of people and that the sky can be used as a divination technique
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- Method of divination whereby water and other underground resources are located by use of a forked stick
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- An altered state of consciousness that is interpreted as a diety taking control of a person's body
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- divination through the communication of a prophet
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- a practitioner who intentionallu communicates with the supernatural to find information
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- a trial by divination that is performed on the body of the accused person to determine guilt or innocence
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- the noncorporeal spiritual component of an individual
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- a situation in which a soul passes from one body to another-human, animal or even an inanimate object
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- a place for sould who die with lesser faults for which there is no repentance or for which the penalty is not wholly paid during the lifetime
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- a belief in an immortal, eternal soul that is born again and again in different bodies
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- the effect of a person's behaviour during the series of phases of a person's existence.Karma is seen as determining the person's destiny
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- the veneration of ancestors, who may bring aid to their descendants or, if neglected, may bring misfortune
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- a sould of an individual after death that remains in the vicinity of the community
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- a person who has died before his or her time and who brings about the death of friends and relatives until his or her corpse is "killed"
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- a corpse that has been raised from the grave and animated
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| Endocannibalistic Anthropophagers |
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- the term endocannibalism refers to the eating of one's own people and the term anthropophagers refers to the eating of human bodies
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- an individual supernatural being, with a distinctive name, personality, and control or influence of a major aspect of nature(such as rain or fertility) that encompasses the life of an entire community or a major segment of the community
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- a supernatural being that is less powerful than a god and is usually more localized; often one of a collection of nonindividualized supernatural beings that are not given specific names and identities
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- an object or building that contains sacred objects or is associated with a venerated person or diety
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- in judaism, christianity, and islam, spirit beings who act as mediators between god and human beings
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- in the Islamic religion, a spirit being created of fire
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- a spirit being usually evil
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- non human entities that have human characteristics
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- All gods and goddesses in a polytheistic system
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- the god who resides at the top of a pantheon
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- Gods that are responsible for the creation of the physical earth and the plants and animals that live upon it
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- gods that are too remote and too uninterested in human activities to praticipate in the activities and fate of humans
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- a god who gave humans important things or skills, often by accident or through trickery
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- Gods that rule over very tightly defined domains
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- a status that one automatically has because of gender, age, kinship, affiliation and so forth
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- a status that one has because of a factor other than automatic membership due to gender, age, kinship affiliation and so forth
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- Characterized by a hatred of women
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- the incarnation or embodiment of a god in human form
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- a religion whose beliefs, practices, ad true nature are known only to those who have been initated into the religion
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- disbelief or denial of the existence of God or Gods
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- the ability of a person to cause harm by means of a personal power that resides within the body of a witch
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- the period in Europe form about 1450 to 1650 in which many were accused, convicted and executed as witches
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- Coming up with a solution to a problem using the technology at hand
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- New awareness of something that exists in the environment
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- the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another
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- What occirs when an idea moves from one culture to another and stimulates the invention of a new trait
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- the process whereby a culture accepts traits from a dominant society
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- a condition wherevy a dominated culture has changed so much because of outside influences that it ceases to have its own distinct identity
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- a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet permitting the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form
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- movement of a population out of their homeland
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- a movement that forms in an attempt to deliberatley bring about change in a society
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- a type of revitalization movement that develops in traditional societies that are threatened by the activities of more technologically advanced societies
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- a type of revitalization movements that attemots to revive what is often percieved as a past golden age
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- a type of revitalization movement that envisions a change through an apocalypric transformation
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- a type of revitalization movement that is based on the appearance of a divine saviour in human form who will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society
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- Religious movement occuring among small scale societies of Melanesia in response to culture contact; the movement focuses on the attainment of trade goods
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- a new branch of mainstream religion, usually incoling new revelations, new scriptures, and a new leader
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- a situation in which individuals in a culture are faced with too many options, such as when a single dominant church is replaced by numerous denominations and sects
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- A revival of pre-Christian religious practice
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- a religious group that differs on just a few points from the mainstream religion
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- historical meaning is a particular form or system of worship
- most commonly used to describe small, recently created and spiritually innovative group, often with a single charismatic leader,
- Connotations of the term include that the leader is evil, in total control of his follwers, and believes that the end of the world is imminent
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- a historically recent religious movement, often involving new leaders and new scriptures or new interpretation of older religious traditions
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- a religious group in which much is demanded of members in terms of strict adherence to rules for thought and behaviour
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- a religious movement characterized by a return to fundamental principles, usually including a resistance to modernization and an emphasis on certaonty through a literal interpretation of scriptures
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- the belief that religion is relevant to, and should be a part of, all parts of a society
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- the practice of justifying beliefs and actions by reference to the religious text
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- the idea that religious texts are relevant to life today
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Term
| Ernest Troesltsch (Church) |
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Definition
- essentially conservative
- accomodated to secular society
- membership not exclusive
- integral part of social order
- objective, institutional character
- born into it
- mediates the divine to members
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- exclusive
- apart from society
- members aspire
- subordinate classes
- voluntary community
- direct relationships with the divine
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| Ernest Troesltsch (Mysticism) |
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- not organized
- exists within other collectivities
- hostile to religious formalism
- individual, spritual, aesthetic, idealistic
- uninterested in changing either the Church or the world
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| Becker: 4 Types (Ecclesia) |
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- the religious worldview in a homogenous society, people born into it, Durkheim's "tribe" on a larger scale.
- Formal organization, highly specialized, clerg, membership based on birth rather than socialization or conversion. Today we would refer to this phenomenon as Theocracy or possible State Church
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| Becker: 4 Types( Denomination) |
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- charcterized by social stratification, tend to be ethnically, culturally homogeneous also in terms of socioeconomic class
- Birth, Socialization
- degree of formal worship, standardization of ritual
- tolerant, cooperative, re:other religions
- Middle and upper socioeconomic status
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Definition
- characterized by charismatic leadership, breakaway from a single source
- protest, resistance, opposition, refusal to compromise
- informal, liturgy emotional
- lay leadership, de-emphasis of organization
- small scale
- conversion based
- lower socioeconomic status
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- characterized by charismatic leadership, draws in followers
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- focus on individual problems
- loose structure
- tolerance of other religious groups, nor exclusive, no heresy
- no clear membership distinction, no clear focus of authority
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| John R. Lofland's Stages of Conversion |
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- picking up (a little conversation...)
- hooking ( bringing the recruit back to the group's space)
- Encapsulating(getting the person involved to the point that there's nothing else- weekend retreats, lots of activity, lots of food,drink...)
- Loving( unconditional love offered from the outset)
- Committing ( because the conditions have been created- no outside contact, nobody to disrupt socialization process)
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- career began in 1970's, when hired by the United Church of Canada and the Anglican Church of Canada to help them measure the effectiveness of their ability to socialize their own children and adults into the religious worldview
- "curriculum evalution and review"
- Bibby's work stood on the shoulders of Americans named Glock, Stark,Demerath: who had found that their skills as anthropologists and sociologists of religion were very popular among religious institutions who wanted to find out what was happenong to their young adults
- ex. Why were Presbyterian teenagers in California in the 1960's wandering off to become Buddhists?
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| Bronislaw Malinowski (1894- 1942) |
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- functions re:human needs
- participant observation:learning the native language(this was a pretty radical move for social science pre 1920's), observing one society in-depth at a time in order to compare later rather than many superficial comparisons, one of the early moves towards Anthropology as a Science
- Trobriand Islands( Argonauts of the Pacific)
- Magic, Science, Religion(1948)
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| A.R Radcliffe- Brown(1891-1955) |
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- social functions of ritual (cf. Durkheim)
- structural functionalist
- recognized Malinowski's work in the field
- did much to reduce ethnocentrism in the British school of social anthropology
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- School of Christian thought, developed especially by Latin American Roman Catholic theologians emphasizing 'preferential option for the poor' addressing issues of poverty and social justice in Marxian terms(power, stratification), connecting liberation from social, political, economic oppression with ideas of ultimate salvation
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- school of thought in Canadian religious, social, and political life since the 1890's which relates Christian ideas to the collective ills of industrializing society
- JS Woodsworth
- Tommy Douglas
- Stanley Knowles
- Senoirs' pensions, employment insurance, health insurance, working conditions,minimum wage
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| Religion and Social Conflict |
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Definition
- 1. between religious groups(Northern Ireland, Catholics, Protestants)
- 2. Within a religious group(same-sex civil unions and Christianity in Canada)
- 3. Between a sectarian religious group and a larger society(Westboro Baptists, Fred Phelps)
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- 1. the decline of religion
- 2. conformity with 'this world'
- 3. disengagement of society from religion
- 4. transposition of religious functions
- 5. Weber's Entzauberung(Disenchantement, loss of sacred)
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- characterized by a return to essentail, foundational principles, usually including a resistance to medernization and an emphasis on certainty through a literal interpretation of scriptures
- comes out of early 20th c. American, Protestant Christian culture; but a useful term for describing religious movements in the contemporary world opposed not to modernization but to pluralism,secularism...
- 1920- the term is first used
- by the 1980's- being used widely beyond Christianity
- more than theology, cultural, social, reactive
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| The Original Fundamentals |
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Definition
- 1. Inerrant Inspiration of the Bible
- 2. Virgin Birth
- 3. Substitutionary Atonement
- 4. Bodily Resurrection
- 5. Second Coming
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