Term
| At what age do babies begin to show earnest interest in other babies? |
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Definition
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Term
| by what age are infants able to engage in simple reciprocal, complementary play with peers |
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Definition
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Term
| Play becomes more social and imaginative during what age and more often involves organized games and hobbies |
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Definition
| preschool to elementary years |
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Term
| children participate in goal corrected partnerships with parents and rely on them as needed however, what to do begin to spend more time doing |
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Definition
| time with peers, generally boys in packs and girls in pairs |
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Term
| what are some factors that affect sociometric status? |
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Definition
| • Physical attractiveness, cognitive ability, and especially social competence influence |
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Term
| what may be critical for the learning of normal social behavior, prepare for intimate relationships, and emotional support |
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Definition
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Term
| during adolescence, same sex and later cross sex relationships increasingly involve what two things? |
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Definition
| emotional intimacy and self-disclosure |
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Term
| the peer group structure is transformed from what to what and finally to what in adolescence? |
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Definition
| same sex cliques, mixed sex cliques, and to dating relationships |
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Term
| the type of crowd one hangs out with has implications for what? |
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Definition
| self-esteem and development |
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Term
| what are the stages dating relationships progress through? |
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Definition
| initiation, status, affection, bonding |
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Term
| What stage begins in early adolescence and the focus is on the self- specifically, on coming to see oneself as a person capable of relating to members of the other sex in a romantic way |
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Definition
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Term
| peer approval is what counts; having romantic relationships, and having it with the “right kind” of partner, is important for the status it brings in the larger peer group - happens at midadolescence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(late adolescence): the focus on the relationship rather than on self-concept or peer acceptance.
Romantic relationships become more personal, caring relationships; they are the set in the context of a small, mixed-sex friends providing advice and emotional support |
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Term
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Definition
| (transition into early adulthood): the emotional intimacy achieved in the affection phase is coupled with a long-term commitment to create a lasting attachment bond |
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Term
| What happens to social networks as adults move from early to later adulthood? |
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Definition
| They shrink. According to Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, this is because older adults, seeing less time ahead, focus on emotional fulfillment rather than acquisition of information for future use |
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Term
| Adults have secure, preoccupied, dismissing, or fearful internal working models or attachment styles that are rooted in their early attachment experiences and what does it affect? |
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Definition
| quality of their romantic relationships, ability to work productively, relationships with their own children and adjustment |
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Term
| Although adults may still value friendships, they are more likely to turn to family first for what reason |
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Definition
| disability and disease can introduce inequity into relationships |
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Term
| when people have at least one close confident to help them regulate their emotions what can be some of the affects of this |
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Definition
| • Life satisfaction, physical health, and cognitive functioning are manufactured better in later age |
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Term
| what happens when a second child is born? |
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Definition
o When young children’s reactions to a new sibling were studied, it was found that mothers typically pay less attention to their firstborn after the baby arrives
Firstborns often find being “dethroned” a stressful experience
They become more difficult and demanding, or more dependent and clingy
They often develop problems with sleeping, eating and toileting routines
Most of their battles are with their mothers, but they may tease or torment their younger sibling
Secure attachments can become insecure, especially if the firstborn is 2 years or older and can fully appreciate what they have lost |
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Term
| what are some things that can be done in order to help the first born transition to having a sibling |
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Definition
It is easier if the marital relationship is good and if the firstborn had secure relationships with both parents for the younger sibling arrived… and continues to enjoy close relationships with them afterwards
Parents should avoid ignoring their firstborn, to continue providing love and attention, and to maintain the child’s routine as much as possible
Increased involvement in parenting by the father can be critical
Parents can encourage older children to become aware of the new baby’s needs and feelings and to assist in their care |
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Term
| Most older siblings adjust fairly quickly to having a new sibling, but their can still be sibling rivalry, what are some theories behind it |
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Definition
o It may be rooted in an evolutionary fact: the siblings share half of their genes on average and are therefore more motivated to help one another than to help genetically unrelated individuals, siblings also compete with one another for their parents time and resources to ensure their own survival and welfare
o Therefore, sibling relationships are typically ambivalent: they involve both closeness and conflict |
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Term
| Sibling relationships are friendlier and less conflictual when ... |
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Definition
| mothers and fathers get along as a couple and if they respond warmly and sensitively to their children rather than favoring one. |
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Term
| what does the sibling relationship look like for most people? |
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Definition
| • For most children, the sibling relationship is close, interactions are mostly positive, and siblings play mostly positive roles in one another’s development |
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Term
| what is one major positive functioning among siblings |
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Definition
provide emotional support
o Brothers and sisters confide in one another, often more than they confide in their parents
o They protect and comfort one another in rough times |
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Term
| what are other effects of having siblings |
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Definition
• Another important function is to provide care giving services for younger siblings
o They babysat and tend young children
• Older siblings can serve as teachers through observational learning
• Finally, siblings provide social experience
o Although having a large number of siblings has negative implications for cognitive development, most likely because each child receives less intellectual stimulation from adults, having at least one sibling to interact with ahs positive effects on a child’s social-cognitive development |
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