Term
| The belief that addiction is due to the evil nature of the substance or the sinful nature of the person is known as the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug use and repeated thoughts/behaviors can alter the brain by: |
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Definition
- Causing unusual levels of loss or growth among receptors for particular neurotransmitters
- Changing the rate at which neurotransmitters are produced
- Changing the sensitivity of certain receptors
- Strengthening certain pathways across neurons regions at the expense of others
- (all the above)
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Term
| When larger doses of a substance are needed to attain same effect as a result of on-going use of the substance, it is said that _____ to the substance has developed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific classifications of drugs are based on: |
|
Definition
- biological effects
- chemical make-up
- psychological effects
- (all above)
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Term
|
Definition
| |
a biological adaptation of the entire body due to prolonged use of drugs |
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Term
| The more lipid (fat) soluble a drug, the ______ its effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| The term self-medication, as used in this class, refers primarily to: |
|
Definition
| behaviors including sex & drug use that relieve distress by altering brain chemistry |
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Term
| Which of the following should be considered "safe" drugs? |
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Definition
| No drug can be considered entirely safe |
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Term
| The addictive disease model adopted by the American Medical Association in 1956, describes addiction as: |
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Definition
| a chronic, progressive, relapsing, incurable, and potentially fatal condition |
|
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Term
| Variations in a drug's impact are usually explained by: |
|
Definition
- differences in the size of the body and various parts of the body
- stomach contents
- the impact of sex/hormones
- changes in metabolic processes
- (all above)
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Term
| If there is a clear pattern of regular use that the person's lifestyle has changed to accommodate use but no obvious major negative consequences that level of drug use is: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Compulsive behavior is a pattern of activity found to be comforting that is repeatedly chosen despite the expectation of negative consequences. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Drugs placed in Schedule 1 by the D.E.A. are those: |
|
Definition
- with a high potential for abuse or addiction
- that lack a recognized medical use
- that have a history or current use pattern that suggests the drug is linked to social and/or behavioral problems
- that have ALL of the above characteristics
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Term
| ________ involves mainly the mid-brain or limbic system and upper frontal brain that guides rational thought, along with the pathway between them. |
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Definition
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Term
| What kinds of events cause the brain to re-organize? |
|
Definition
- repeated social or psychological events/thoughts.
- the actions of chemicals ranging from drugs to food additives
- trauma & other major emotional events
- (all above)
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Term
| Which of the following is best described as the "gear shifter" that allows a person to transition from one mood or idea to a different one? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Tissue dependence would be expected with chronic use of each of the following EXCEPT : |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Psychoactive drugs act by each of the following EXCEPT: |
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Definition
| Introducing all together new chemical forms with which the brain is no prepared to deal |
|
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Term
| Psychoactive drugs act by each of the following |
|
Definition
- imitating the natural substances the brain uses to create emotions
- Encouraging the brain to reorganize in dysfunctional ways
- causing the release of natural chemicals and blocking their re-uptake
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Term
| Which of the following would NOT be likely to result in loss of points for disrupting others? |
|
Definition
| arriving late &/or leaving early |
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Term
| The ____________ guides hormonal changes and bodily functions, such as heart rate and respiration. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| |
| The speed & efficiency of the method by which a drug is administered predict the |
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|
|
Definition
- degree of euphoria experienced by the user
- the likelihood of brain changes &/or damage
- both of the above
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|
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Term
| The rules governing how drugs are prescribed, and their enforcement is handled by the: |
|
Definition
| Law enforcement officers of the Drug Enforcement Administration |
|
|
Term
| The limbic system is the brain's main problem-solving area while the pre-frontal cortex generates motivations for behavior. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Rituals calm the brain and can cause the flow of neurotransmitters associated with mood and addiction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most people who consume illegal drugs eventually reach the level of true "abuse" or addiction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term "agonist" refers to a drug that _________ the action of a naturally occurring chemical. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The addictive disease model adopted by the American Medical Association in 1956, describes addiction as: |
|
Definition
| a chronic, progressive, relapsing, incurable, and potentially fatal condition. |
|
|
Term
| The belief that addiction is due to the evil nature of the substance or the sinful nature of the person is known as the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has the greatest influence on US drug control policies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When larger doses of a substance are needed to attain same effect, it is said that _____ has occurred. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Addiction is best predicted by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The drug war declared in 1985 by Ronald Reagan specifically targets: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The decision to use drugs, and the drug used, are best predicted by: |
|
Definition
| Peer & social environment |
|
|
Term
| Seigal's thesis that many creatures have a drive to experience altered states of consciousness: |
|
Definition
- is based on studies of animals, children and traditional societies
- may reflect the interaction of the non-conscious, emotional centers (limbic system) with the higher parts (frontal cortex) of the brain
- overlaps with both pleasure seeking and the desire for religious knowledge
- (all above)
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|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a hallmark of addiction? |
|
Definition
- failure to fulfill crucial roles
- loss of control
- repeated attempts at abstinence
- continued use despite consequences
- (all above define addiction)
|
|
|
Term
| The term “compulsive behavior” describes: |
|
Definition
- actions that are repeated even though they cause great shame and guilt
- activity patterns that are repeated even though they are expected to result in negative consequences
- problematic activities that bring a person comfort in times of distress
- (all above)
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|
|
Term
| Toxins, drugs and stress can have _______ effects on the expression of inherited traits and potentialities, such as the ability to have cancer. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Criminal justice system costs are the main costs of addiction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thoughts, emotions and sensations are: |
|
Definition
| electro-chemical events in the body & brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a biological adaption of the lower brain and body due to prolonged use of drugs |
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|
Term
| The United States has the highest rate of ________ in the world. |
|
Definition
- drug use
- crime
- imprisonment
- all of the above
|
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|
Term
| When a person's genetic traits, responses to the environment and drug use combine to create patterns of compulsive drug use, it is said that the person has reached her/his: |
|
Definition
- maximum tolerance
- addiction threshold
- tissue dependence
- loss of control
|
|
|
Term
| The principal biological factor(s) that predict the speed and likelihood of a user becoming addicted are |
|
Definition
- receptor sensitivity to a drug
- metabolic pathways used to elminate the drug
- the rapidity with which neural networks form
- all of the above
|
|
|
Term
| Addiction takes advantage of, or hijacks, brain pathways associated with: |
|
Definition
- pleasure
- bonding
- learning
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the biggest drug abuse problem in the US today (in terms of addiction & deaths)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true of the concept of self-medication? |
|
Definition
- people use drugs, violent and sexual behaviors to create a biological effect that offsets some form of distress
- the compulsion to escape pain is experienced as a survival need but the medication actually threatens survival
- the person's goal is to escape the pain, not alter condition
- all above
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|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain change as a result of the brain disease of addiction? What happens in each? |
|
Definition
| Limbic increases in power; frontal decreases & pathway between becomes deviant. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a function of naturally produced cannibinoids, and probably marijuana? |
|
Definition
- relax
- eat
- forget
- protect
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| What kinds of events cause the brain to re-organize? |
|
Definition
- repeated social or psychological events/thoughts
- the actions of chemicals ranging from drugs to food additives
- physical activity such as exercise and breathing
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| Under controlled impulsivity and sensation seeking are.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motivational Toxicity is a term used to describe: |
|
Definition
- a source of guilt and stress that can deepen addiction
- the addict’s decreased ability to follow ethical guidelines declines
- the gradual loss of non-drug related motivations in addicts
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| Which of the following drugs is LEAST likely to cause motivational toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| |
| Illegal drugs introduce new chemical forms which the brain cannot recognize or respond to properly. |
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|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stimulation of one sensory organ (e.g., ear) results in an experience in another sense (e.g., sight) - such as seeing music, hearing colors is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The drug known as cheese is often lethal because it uses a combination of antihistamine and opiates. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs like cocaine & methamphetamine cause dopamine levels to fall dramatically and thus reorganize the brain as they create cravings for more of the drug. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When no threats to safety or survival are present, relatively minor distress can lead to a strong desire to improve one's emotional state through self-medicating activities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a universal human tendency when distress is encountered
- the use of an act or substance to alter brain function
- in competition with sources of joy and meaning among addicts
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| A toxic substance is produced when alcohol & cocaine are combined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of inhalant is the MOST injurious to health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following produces tolerance most rapidly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minor tranquilizers such as Xanax are mild drugs that rarely cause psychological problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Individual brains are unique in the size of their parts, the distribution of their chemicals and the distribution of the receptors for the chemicals. Any of these individual differences may result in distress under some environmental conditions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limbic dominance and/or low levels of prefrontal activity predict high levels of resistance to both drug use and addiction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An alcoholic blackout occurs when the depressant effects of the drug cause one to lose consciousness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stress lowers _____ via its activation of the sympathetic nervous system: |
|
Definition
- immune activity
- thinking ability
- digestive activity
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| One common result of addiction is the complete loss of moral reasoning abilities and conscience. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Women feel the effects of alcohol _________ than men. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Emotions may result from: |
|
Definition
- conscious responses to environmental stimuli
- changes in naturally occurring brain chemicals
- the introduction of drugs into the brain
- any of the above
|
|
|
Term
| Alcohol can produce tissue dependence within: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol overdose is most common among: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rational contributions to decisions are made primarily in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug such as ecstasy that produces a heightened sense of touch/sensuality and eroticisms is known as a(n): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Women achieve higher blood levels than men from same amount because: |
|
Definition
- their average body size is smaller
- their average proportion of fat is greater
- their “first-pass” metabolism removes less alcohol from their bodies
- the hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle affect their metabolism
- all above
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|
|
Term
| The last area of the brain to fully mature (myelinate) is the ______. Myelination of this area usually occurs in early adulthood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delirium tremens are a symptom of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a correlation between two variables (e.g., rape & ice cream sales) is actually caused by the fact that they share a common cause, the correlation is best described as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Binge drinking in late adolescence and early adulthood is associated with: |
|
Definition
- increased probability of alcoholism later in life
- depression later in life
- lowered levels of brain activity
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| The _________ integrates perceptions with emotional memories and generates new brain cells for adults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The same features of the brain that make us unique individuals can also: |
|
Definition
- predispose us to addiction to certain substances
- cause unexpected responses to drugs
- impact our choice of drugs
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| __________ regulates impulse control, judgment & mood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person who has significantly fewer than the usual number of dopamine receptors in his/her pleasure center is said to suffer from: |
|
Definition
| Reward deficiency syndrome |
|
|
Term
| When alcohol is combined with tranquilizers, opiates or similar drugs, the exponential effects is called a ________ is likely to occur which may cause death or seizures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Routine (non-emergency) judgments about whether or not to act on an impulse are most heavily influenced by the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All deliberate behavior has elements of both emotion and rationality in it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________, a hormone that alerts the body to stress and activates inflammatory responses, increases as one drinks and remains high until after the hangover has ended. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than 4 drinks for a woman or 5 for a man in a single episode of use keeps the user under the limit for binging & drunk driving charges. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The level of pleasure or other type of stimulation, controlled by the limbic system, at which the person becomes aware of what they are experiencing is called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ regulates pleasure/reward, aggression, attention and stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol interferes with inhibitions generated by the pre-frontal cortex while simultaneously stimulating aggressive and sexual centers in the limbic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The new brain automatically tries to explain uncomfortable states by searching for a cause in the environment & memories. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following function is handled by the Limbic System? |
|
Definition
- motivation
- reward
- bodily functions
- emotions
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| Alcohol is a _______, which means it expands blood vessels and gives a sense of warmth to the user. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effects of alcohol on fetal development vary across cases as a result of |
|
Definition
- the amount & pattern of drinking
- the stage of the pregnancy in which the drinking occurs
- the genetics of the mother
- all above
|
|
|
Term
| The speed & efficiency of the method by which a drug is administered predict the likelihood of brain damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An alcoholic blackout occurs when |
|
Definition
| a user is unable to recall parts of a drinking episode after regaining sobriety |
|
|
Term
| Under Controlled Sensation Seekers get more reward and less sedation from alcohol than do “normal” people. |
|
Definition
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