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| The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare. |
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| A system of social stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual's lifetime. |
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Warrior class who were retainers of the daimyo
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| The military rulers of Japan before 1868, nominally subordinate to the emperor. |
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| Ritual suicide by disembowelment, often wrongly referred to as hara-kiri in English |
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| is a term used in reference to the type of treaties signed by several East Asian states, including Qing Dynasty China, late Tokugawa Japan, and late Joseon Korea, with Western powers and Imperial Japan, during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This was a period during which these Asian states were largely unable to resist the military and economic pressures from foreign powers. |
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| tests given to pass out government jobs |
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| a ruler who is unconstrained by law |
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| Name given to the sixteenth century Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru. The two best known Conquistadors were Hernán Cortés (1485-1547) who conquered Mexico and Francisco Pizarro (1470?-1541) who operated in Peru and founded Lima. |
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| A region in the lee of mountains that receives less rainfall than the region windward of the mountains |
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| Exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas |
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| A geographic and cultural region comprised of 18 Spanish-speaking countries, Brazil, and Haiti, or generally the areas which Spain and Portugal colonized in the Americas. |
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| a relationship in which things depend on one another for survival. |
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| discrimination based on race and the colour of skin. Until 1991 the White government of South Africa ran a system of apartheid whereby Black people were given less access to employment, health and education and were kept separate from the White population |
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| Mestizos are the people resulting from the blending of European, Indian, and African traditions in Latin America. At different places and times, they have also been called ladinos or cholos. |
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| Regional military or political leader, usually with authoritarian overtones. |
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