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Definition
A collective name for various religious sects that were characterized by adult
baptism and complete equality between all believers. The Anabaptists are important
because they contributed to the weakening of the Church by the emergence of new
religious sects. |
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Definition
The religion that formed when the England Church separated from Rome.
This is important because this religion contributed to the weakening of the Catholic
Church by the emergence of new religious sects. |
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Definition
An act issued by the Parliament, it is important because it officially
divorced the English church from Rome. |
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Definition
The idea that a religious group is under no obligation to obey
the laws of morality of religious authorities. This is important because of its association
with Calvin’s predestination – salvation is predetermined, and one’s morality does not
affect their salvation. |
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Term
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Definition
The founder of Calvinism. Calvin believed in predestination
(salvation is predetermined). Calvinism was an extremely strict religion. Calvinism is
important because it contributed to the weakening of the Church by the emergence of
new religious sects and the disapproval of the Church’s doctrine |
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Term
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Definition
Founded by Calvin, who believed in predestination (salvation is predetermined).
Calvinism was an extremely strict religion. Calvinism is important because it contributed
to the weakening of the Church by the emergence of new religious sects and the
disapproval of the Church’s doctrine. |
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Term
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Definition
As defined in Lutheranism, the belief that after consecration the bread
and wine undergo a spiritual change whereby Christ is really present, but the bread and
wine are not transformed. This is important because Catholics believed that the bread and
wine are physically transformed into Christ, so consubstantiation was another sign of the
weakening of the Church by disapproval of the Church’s doctrine. |
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Definition
A council called as part of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic
Church. It was called in an attempt to reconcile Protestant theology with Catholic
theology, but it failed. However, it did bring about the end of indulgences, simony, and
pluralism in the church and ask for an increase in education for the clergy. For these
reasons this council is important because it helped bring about the spiritual renewal of the
Catholic Church. |
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Term
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Definition
Articles of Religion: Thomas Cranmer was the
archbishop of Canterbury and the regent of Edward VI. As Edward’s regent, he issued the
42 Articles, a re-statement of Henry’s policies, after Somerset had attempted to Calvin-
ize England. |
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Definition
A conference to discuss the questions of the Reformation. Luther, promised
safety, participated to defend his ideas. He was excommunicated as a result. This is
important because it showed how the Catholic Church was unwilling to drastically
change their doctrine. |
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Term
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Definition
A Catholic theologian with whom Luther debated during the
Lipzig Debates. Eck forced Luther to deny the authority of the Pope over the people. Eck
is important because his debate with Luther led to Luther’s separation from the Catholic
Church. |
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Term
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Definition
Issued by the King of the French, it gave the French Protestants
substantial rights. This is important because France was still considered Catholic at the
time, so it was a step towards religious toleration. |
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Term
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Definition
Issued by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. It declared Luther
an outlaw and made it illegal to read his books or give him food or shelter. This
is important because it showed the Church’s disdain for ideas against theirs.
• Excommunication: A declaration made by the Pope that revokes one’s protection from the
Church and bars them from salvation. It is important because it is what the Church does
whenever someone has opinions that they don’t like |
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Definition
French Protestants. They are important because they were one of the first
groups to receive relative religious freedom. |
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Definition
Defender of Christianity and founder of the Society of Jesus. He is
important because he helped educate people in Christianity. |
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Term
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Definition
The sell of forgiveness for sins. Indulgences were important because they
were one of the main things that Protestant reformers stood against, and they were a sign
of the secular corruption of the Church. |
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Term
| The Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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Definition
A books written by Calvin, a founder of the
Calvinist sect of Protestantism. The book is important because it outlined Protestant, and
more specifically, Calvinist beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
An Anabaptist and ruler of Münster during the ‘Münster fiasco.’
Leyden is important because the Münster fiasco showed the breakdown of the religious
authority of the Church over the European people. |
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Term
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Definition
The leader of the church reform in Scotland, which was modeled
after Calvinism. The new church was called the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. This
is important because this break from Rome contributed to the weakening of the Catholic
Church over the European people. |
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Term
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Definition
Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation: Martin
Luther was the creator of Lutheranism and, as a result Protestantism. He wrote Appeal
to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation in which he attacked the papacy. Luther
and his works are important because they contributed to the weakening of the Church’s
influence over the European people. |
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Term
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Definition
A Pope who was pressured by King Henry VIII to annul
his marriage to Catherine. Because the Pope did not want to upset Catherine’s nephew,
Charles V, Clement refused to annul the marriage. Henry as a result split the English
Church from the one in Rome. This is important because it contributed to the weakening
of the Church’s influence over the European people |
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Definition
When Leo needed money to build a new cathedral, he issued
a jubilee of indulgences. Luther did not see the godliness in this sell of forgiveness,
and through a series of events, Luther ends up excommunicated and separated from the
Church, resulting in the new Protestant religions. This is important because it contributed
to the weakening of the Church’s influence over the European people. |
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Term
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Definition
Pope Pius V was a Pope who tried to resist the Protestant split
from the Church. He is important because he showed the Church’s inability to consider
ideas contrary to their own. |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that salvation is determined before by God before one is even born.
This is important because it was the driving force behind Calvinism. |
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Term
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Definition
The main concern of the Protestant Reformation – How does one get saved?
It was this question that led to the ideas contrary to the Church’s and, as a result, the
Reformation. |
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Term
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Definition
A Spanish humanist who denied the dogma of the Trinity
and child baptism, believing that there was no basis in Scripture for the Trinity, as well
as the idea that a person under the age of twenty cannot commit a mortal sin. He was
promptly burned at the stake. Servetus is important because he is an example of the
Church’s inability to accept ideas contrary to their own. |
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Term
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Definition
The Catholic Church held that there were seven sacraments, while
reformers, such as Luther and Calvin, believed that there was no basis in scripture for all
seven of the sacraments. The controversy over the sacraments is important because it was
one of the factors in the Protestant split from the Church |
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Term
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Definition
A statement released by the English Parliament that upheld all Catholic
doctrines except papal supremacy. The Six Articles are important because it finalized the
split of the English Church from Rome. |
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Term
| Society of Jesus / the Jesuits |
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Definition
A religious group led by Saint Loyola that was dedicated to
educating people in the ways of the Catholic Church. The Jesuits were important because
they were part of the Church’s attempt to regain supremacy. |
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Term
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Definition
A council of the Christian Church dedicated to deciding issues involving doctrine.
Synods, like the Council of Trent, were held to reconcile Catholicism with Protestantism,
but they were not successful. Synods are important because they were part of the
Church’s attempt to regain supremacy. |
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Term
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Definition
The ‘sales manager’ of Pope Leo X’s jubilee of indulgences.
He came up with catchy slogans like: “As soon as a coin in coffer rings, the soul from
purgatory springs.” Tetzel is important because his sale of indulgences was considered
ungodly and secular by Luther, and was thus a catalyst for the Reformation |
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Term
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Definition
The Catholic belief that during the Lord’s Supper, the wine and bread
physically became the body of Christ, while Luther believed that the bread and wine
spiritually became Christ. This is important because it was a major debate point between
Catholics and Luther, which was a factor in the Protestant split from Rome.
• The Twelve Articles: A statement released by the rebelling peasants of Swabia, using the
Scripture and Luther’s reform ideas to support their cause. It is important because it
showed the influence of Luther’s ideas on all classes of the period. |
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Term
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Definition
The belief that there is no Trinity – only Jesus. This is important because it
showed the emergence of ideas contrary to that of the Church, and the weakening of the
influence of the Church over the European peoples |
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Definition
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Definition
Reformer who believed that there was no basis for papal
authority over secular rulers in Scripture. Wycliffe is important because his ideas
influenced many Protestant reformers, such as Luther. He was the leader of the Lollards. |
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Term
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Definition
was a man that attempted to create a Luther-esque reform in
one of the cantons of Switzerland. He is important because his attempted reform showed
the influence of Luther over the European countries. |
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