Term
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Definition
| Martin Luther was a German Priest, who made a list of arguments against some practices in the Church in 1517. He nailed the list to the door of a Church in Wittenberg. He started the Protestant Reformation. |
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Term
| In what year did Martin Luther begin the Protestant Revolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did Martin Luther even start the Protestant Revolution to begin with? |
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Definition
| Luther taught that people could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. He also believed that Chruch teachings should be based on the Bible and that people did not need priests to interpret. He attacked the authority of the Pope. |
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Term
| Did Martin Luther's Protestant beliefs attract any attention or was everyone content with the way things were being run? |
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Definition
| Martin Luther was condemned in 1521 at the Diet of Worms, but his ideas still succeeded in spreading through Germany and beyond. |
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Term
| Explain the rise of Protestantism. |
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Definition
| All over Europe, Protestant Churches were being formed. France, Switzerland, Scotland, England and not to mention Germany had people Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli, John Knox and King Henry VIII as protestant supporters. |
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Term
| Outline the Catholic Reformation. |
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Definition
| The Catholic Church attempted to reform itself in response to Protestantism. The Pope called a major conference of Church leaders, the Council of Trent, from 1545 to 1563 which banned some bad practices. The Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius Loyala in 1534 was a new religious group that was approved by the Catholic Church. |
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Term
| Explain the religious warfare between Catholics and Protestants and discuss regions that were divided and whole. |
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Definition
| Spain, Portugal and present-day Italy remained solidly Catholic, while England, Denmark and Sweeden became Protestant. France and present-day Germany (under the Holy Roman Empire) became divided. Religious warfare broke out in the 1540's, a century of warfare all over Europe. |
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Term
| When was The Thirty Years' War? |
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Definition
| It was between 1618 - 1648. |
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Term
| How did the Thirty Years' War begin? Explain the problems between the Hapsburgs and Richelieu. |
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Definition
| It started as a civil war in Bohemia, but it soon spread. It was partly religious and partly political, with the Catholic family called the Hapsburgs controlling Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. The Hapsburgs wanted to wipe out Protestantism. Opposing them were the French, led by Cardinal Richelieu. Richelieu wanted to reduce the power of the Hapsburgs. He joined protestant Germany, Sweeden and Denmark, and together they broke the Hapsburg's rule. |
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Term
| Discuss the religious conflicts in England between Charles I and the Protestants, outlining how it began. |
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Definition
| The government was divided. Charles I offended protestants by marrying a Catholic. Parliament included many Puritians, who were Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England. In 1642, problems led to a civil war when Charles I shut down the Parliament and took away Protestant freedoms. |
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Term
| Outline how the civil war in England ended. |
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Definition
| Oliver Cromwell, a Puritian leader, led an army against Charls, and by 1648, they won. In January 1649, Charles was tried for treason, sentenced to death, and beheaded. Cromwell became England's ruler. |
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Term
| Explain the Restoration of England |
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Definition
| Oliver Cromwell became ruler, while Charles II (Charles I's son) fled to France. The English grew tired of Cromwell's rule, and when he died in 1658, they wanted Charles II back. In 1660, Charles II became ruler. This was called the Restoration. |
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Term
| Explain the Glorious Revolution. |
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Definition
| In 1685, Charles II died, and his brother James II became King. He used his power against the English in terrible ways, to the point where even his own troops were against him. He fled to France in 1688. The Protestant leaders invited James's daughter Mary and her Protestant husband, William of Orange to become the new King and Queen. This is called the Glorious Revolution because no blood was shed. |
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