Term
|
Definition
| a repeatable and consistent involuntary response to specific external stimulation |
|
|
Term
| describe movements of primitive reflexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do reflexes require direct involvement of higher brain centers |
|
Definition
| no. they occur subcortically |
|
|
Term
| what happens to primitive reflexes over time |
|
Definition
| with time and maturation, responses become less distinct and eventually can no longer be stimulated (they are integrated) |
|
|
Term
| are reflexes normal in healthy infants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can the pattern of reflex appearance and integration help us assess |
|
Definition
| infant's development and neurologic maturity |
|
|
Term
| what indicates atypical primitve reflexes |
|
Definition
| persistence of a reflex after the time it should be integrated, lack of a reflex during a time when it should be present, significantly weak response, excessively strong response, asymmetrical response |
|
|
Term
| what can atypical reflex responses indicate |
|
Definition
| neurological dysfunction; further testing is needed |
|
|
Term
| what is the time frame for primitive reflexes (when should they be present) |
|
Definition
| appear during gestation/birth and are typically integrated by 6 months |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 primary roles of primitive reflexes |
|
Definition
| protection, nutrition, survivial |
|
|
Term
| how are primitive reflexes related to movement |
|
Definition
| infant's movements are very closely associated with reflexes for first 3 months of life, though infants can also move non-reflexively. |
|
|
Term
| should reflexes be fleeting or obligatory in a young infant's movement |
|
Definition
| fleeting. If they are obligatory, that indicates abnormal development, affecting mobility and function. |
|
|
Term
| why are early postural reflexes important |
|
Definition
| they are basic to more complex voluntary movements of later infancy |
|
|
Term
| what is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex |
|
Definition
| when infant turns head to side, the baby extends on same side and flexes on other side |
|
|
Term
| what is the palmar grasp reflex |
|
Definition
| infant closes hand around finger placed in palm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place infant prone and apply pressure to sole of one foot. Infant shows crawling pattern in arms and legs |
|
|
Term
| what is the rooting/searching reflex |
|
Definition
| touch around cheek and baby turns towards stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of rooting/searching reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is time frame for rooting/searching reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sucking reflex |
|
Definition
| when you put something in an infant's mouth, it latches on and sucks with tongue action |
|
|
Term
| purpose of sucking reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who has a hard time with sucking reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the time frame for sucking reflex |
|
Definition
| prenatally/birth - 3 months |
|
|
Term
| why is the palmar grasp reflex important |
|
Definition
| important for later grasping |
|
|
Term
| what is the time frame for the palmar grasp reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the plantar grasp reflex |
|
Definition
| toes curl when you touch the bottom of infant's foot/put pressure on the ball of their foot |
|
|
Term
| if the plantar grasp doesn't integrate, what problem could it cause |
|
Definition
| makes walking/standing/balance difficult |
|
|
Term
| what is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex important for |
|
Definition
| good for eye-hand coordination. Possibly good for rolling. |
|
|
Term
| what happens if the tonic neck reflex doesn't itegrate |
|
Definition
| bad for just about anything. |
|
|
Term
| what is the time frame for asymmetrical tonic neck reflex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the symmetrical tonic neck reflex |
|
Definition
| when the neck is extended, the arms extend and the legs flex. When the neck is flexed, the arms flex and the legs extend |
|
|
Term
| what happens if the symmetrical tonic neck reflex doesn't integrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by when does the symmetrical tonic neck reflex integrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is the moro reflex present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is moro reflex a problem if it doesn't integrate |
|
Definition
| as you get older, if you fall, you can't catch yourself |
|
|
Term
| what is the babinski reflex |
|
Definition
| if you stroke the baby's foot from heel up to lateral border of the toes, they extend their toes. |
|
|
Term
| when is babinski present normally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does stepping reflex normally integrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the positive support reaction |
|
Definition
| if you hold an infant up under their arms and put their feet down firmly on the surface, they'll extend and stand straight (supported.) |
|
|
Term
| what is the hierarchical model of postural reactions/control |
|
Definition
| postural reflexes and reactions help to restore stability before the action of voluntary systems |
|
|
Term
| what is the hierarchical model of postural reflexes focused on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the hierarchical model of reflexes say our reflexes are dependent on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the order of CNS/reflex maturation according to hierarchical model |
|
Definition
| Early on, we're dominated at the spinal cord level. Then our nervous system matures enough to get us up to brainstem level. Then we mature at midbrain. Then we mature to cortex level for volitional control and equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
| how does the dynamic systems model explain postural control |
|
Definition
| dynamic postural control involves modifying sensory and motor systems in response to changing task and environmental demands. It encompasses maturation of different body systems and includes reactive, anticipatory , and adaptive aspects of balance |
|
|
Term
| in the dynamic systems model, do postural adjustments or functional movement come first |
|
Definition
| postural adjustments precede most functional movement |
|
|
Term
| in the dynamic systems model, what do anticipatory responses depend on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean that in the dynamic systems model, anticipatory responses dependon feed-forward control? |
|
Definition
| they can be changed through learning and experience |
|
|
Term
| how does the hierarchical model explain the change in movement from simple reflexes to voluntary motor control? |
|
Definition
| changes in movement from simple reflexes to voluntary motor control reflects inhibition of early subcortical motor responses through growing influence of cortical control. |
|
|
Term
| what is the dynamic systems model |
|
Definition
| early coordinated movement patterns facilitate and/or constrain the emergence of later motor control or skill |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of postural reactions |
|
Definition
| help the infant automatically maintain posture in a changing environment |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 postural reactions |
|
Definition
| righting, protective, equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| when do righting reactions integrate |
|
Definition
| htye don't. they persists. |
|
|
Term
| what does the righting reaction begin |
|
Definition
| at birth or shortly thereafter |
|
|
Term
| what is the righting reaction |
|
Definition
| maintenance or restoration of the proper alignment of the head or trunk in space and in relation to each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using visual input to orient the head |
|
|
Term
| what is labyrinthe righting |
|
Definition
| using vestibular input to orient the head |
|
|
Term
| what is body on head righting |
|
Definition
| using proprioceptive and tactile input to right the head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of optical righting, labyrinthe righting, and body on head righting. |
|
|
Term
| when does the landau reaction begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what reaction occurs if I turn a baby's head and their postural reaction is to turn the rest of their body to go along with their head |
|
Definition
| neck on body righting reaction |
|
|
Term
| what reaction occurs if I move a baby's leg by turning it and their reaction is that the rest of their body follows the turned leg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can righting reactions be used in PT? |
|
Definition
| can use them to teach a baby to roll (start it for them) or to strengthen a baby with torticollis (have them use their righting reaction to do little repetitions of strength training |
|
|
Term
| what does the landau reaction look like |
|
Definition
| you can hold the baby up in a prone position and it will actiave extensors to maintain its body ina straight line |
|
|
Term
| when do protective reactions begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a protective reaction |
|
Definition
| an extremity response to a quick displacement of the center of gravity out of the base of support. Example: katie pushed noelle, and noelle use dher arm to catch herself |
|
|
Term
| when does the forward protective response become mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the sideways protective reaction mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the backward protective reaction mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do equilibrium reactions begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which equilibrium reaction begins first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an equilibrum reaction |
|
Definition
| total body response to a slow shift of the center of gravity outside the base of support |
|
|
Term
| what are the positional progressions of equilibrium reactions |
|
Definition
| prone, supine, sitting, quadruped, and standing |
|
|
Term
| can you have a mature standing equilibrium reaction before you have a mature quadruped equilibrium reaction? |
|
Definition
| no. maturation of the equilibrium reaction in different postures lags behind the attainment of movement in the next higher developmental posture |
|
|
Term
| are equilibrium or protecttive reactions more sophisticated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by what age is the prone equilibrium reaction mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by what age are supine and sitting equilibrium reactions mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by what age is quadruped equilibrium reaction mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by what age is standing equilibrium reaction mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 types of factors can influence motor milestones |
|
Definition
| internal and external factors |
|
|
Term
| what internal factors influence motor milestones |
|
Definition
| maturation of the CNS, development of muscular strength and endurance, development of posture and balance, improvement in sensory processing |
|
|
Term
| what external factors influence motor milestones |
|
Definition
| experience, environmental contstraints |
|
|
Term
| why are motor milestones important/helpful |
|
Definition
| motor milestones provide clues about infant's neurological health |
|
|
Term
| is the milestone sequence predictable? |
|
Definition
| yes, in healthy infants the sequence is mostly predictable with some variability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early spontaneous movements that are actually coordinated and rhythmical |
|
|
Term
| describe supine kicking as an early spontaneous movement |
|
Definition
| not random, but rhythmical and coordinated, resembling adult walking steps |
|
|
Term
| describe arm movements as an early spontaneous movement |
|
Definition
| well coordinated movements of elbow, wrist, and finger joints |
|
|
Term
| what does early motor development work toward achieving |
|
Definition
| upright posture, mobility, manipulation in order to achieve environmental mastery and control |
|
|
Term
| what happens upon mastery of upright posture, mobility, and maniupaltion |
|
Definition
| they are incorporated into functional activities of self-care, feeding, play |
|
|
Term
| what is the direction of motor development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what motor development occurs in the first quarter of the first year of life |
|
Definition
| develop control of head in virtually all positions in space |
|
|
Term
| what motor development occurs in the second quarter of the first year of life |
|
Definition
| advanced control of the arms and upper trunk |
|
|
Term
| what motor development occurs in the third quarter of the first year of life |
|
Definition
| mastery of control of the lower trunk and pelvis in the upright position |
|
|
Term
| what motor development occurs in the fourth quarter of the first year of life |
|
Definition
| development of mobility and control of the lower parts of the legs in upright space as well as improvements in overall postural control |
|
|
Term
| what functional head control is present at birth |
|
Definition
| vertical head position only sustainable for 1-2 seconds |
|
|
Term
| what functional head control is present at 2 months |
|
Definition
| sustained head in midline during supported sitting. Downward gaze and inability to turn head. |
|
|
Term
| what functional head control is present at 3 months |
|
Definition
| synergistic control of neck flexors and extensors, providing: stable veritical head position, ability to turn head freely, ability to assume prone on elbows with organized head and trunk activity |
|
|
Term
| what functional head control is present at 4 months |
|
Definition
| organized eye-head-hand control seen in prone |
|
|
Term
| at what age is upright trunk control mature enough for independent sitting with object manipulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are prerequisite skills for independent sitting with object manipulation? |
|
Definition
| extending the head and trunk in prone position using the legs and pelvis for support; control of the pelvis and legs while using arms and moving head in supine |
|
|
Term
| what is caudal weight shift |
|
Definition
| weight shift down toward lower extremities and away from upper trunk |
|
|
Term
| what does control of lower trunk and pelvis allow for |
|
Definition
| mobility in prone, crawling and creeping, pulling to stand, moving from supine to quadruped and sitting, moving to quadruped or prone from sitting |
|
|
Term
| what is lower trunk control in the upright position characterized by |
|
Definition
| freedom from midline symmetry and refinement of rotational abilities |
|
|
Term
| what is fine lower extremity control in the upright position |
|
Definition
| reciprocal leg movement. Able to selectively control trunk and pelvis |
|
|
Term
| what is the overallmotor development of a newborn |
|
Definition
| gravity controlled. Physiological flexion predominates. Head is slightly turned to one side with only momentary midline positions. Lots of pressure from gravity, but baby can turn head to one side for breathing/survival. |
|
|
Term
| what is the prone motor development of a newborn |
|
Definition
| weight shifted forward onto face. Able to lift head and turn to opposite side |
|
|
Term
| what is the supine motor development of a newborn |
|
Definition
| head to side with brief midline |
|
|
Term
| what is the pull to sit motor development of a newborn |
|
Definition
| attempts initial head flexion but lacks control |
|
|
Term
| what is the sitting motor development of a newborn |
|
Definition
| lack of trunk muscular control; forward lean |
|
|
Term
| what is the standing motor development of a newborn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the overall motor development of a one month old |
|
Definition
| improved head control, elongation of hip flexors |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall motor development of a 2 month old |
|
Definition
| period of asymmetry; increased extremity extension; semi-hypotonia |
|
|
Term
| what is the prone motor development of a 2 month old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the supine motor development of a 2 month old |
|
Definition
| head rotated to one side may elicit ATNR |
|
|
Term
| what is the standing motor development of a 2 month old |
|
Definition
| astasia abasia = motor incoordination and poor orientation of the feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you try to stand them up, they flex their knees |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall motor development of a 3 month old? |
|
Definition
| beginning of symmetry and midline orientation; beginning of bilateral control of neck and trunk muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the prone motor development of a 3 month old |
|
Definition
| able to lift and turn head; beginning to weightbear on forearms |
|
|
Term
| what is the supine motor development of a 3 month old |
|
Definition
| head in midline with chin tuck; hands contact and explore body; LE "frogged" position |
|
|
Term
| what is the sitting motor development of a 3 month old |
|
Definition
| sustained head lifting with neck hyperextension |
|
|
Term
| what is the standing motor development of a 3 month old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the overall motor development of a 4 month old |
|
Definition
| strong symmetry with head and trunk as well as extremities. Bilateral symmetrical control of flexor and extensor muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the prone development of a 4 month old |
|
Definition
| total extension patterns at times. Symmetrical forearm weightbearing. Pelvic mobility and decreased LE "frogged" position. Rolling may occur from prone to sidelying |
|
|
Term
| what is the supine motor development at 4 months |
|
Definition
| increased antigravity flexor muscle control. Reaches hands to knees to explore the body. Rolling may occur from supine to sidelying. |
|
|
Term
| what is the pull to sit motor development of a 4 month old |
|
Definition
| initiates a symmetrical head lift and activates abs, elbow flexors, hip flexors, and knee flexors. |
|
|
Term
| what is the sitting motor development of a 4 month old |
|
Definition
| forward lean at hips with trunk extension |
|
|
Term
| what is the standing motor development of a 4 month old |
|
Definition
| takes weight on feet and can be supported by hands |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall motor development of a 5 month old |
|
Definition
| voluntary asymmetry; emerging lateral weight shifting and lateral head righting reactions; dissociated and reciprocal extremity movements; emergence of more consistent rolling skills |
|
|
Term
| what is the prone motor development of a 5 month old? |
|
Definition
| forearm and extended arm weightbearing. Weightshifting and initial reaching |
|
|
Term
| what is the supine motor development of a 5 month old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pull to sit motor development of a 5 month old? |
|
Definition
| no head lag with increased abdominal control |
|
|
Term
| what is the sitting motor development of a 5 month old? |
|
Definition
| forward lean at hips. Forward propping on extended arms |
|
|
Term
| what is the standing motor development of a 5 month old? |
|
Definition
| takes full weight on LE but must be supported |
|
|
Term
| what is the head control motor development of a 6 month old |
|
Definition
| head control fully developed |
|
|
Term
| what is the prone motor development of a 6 month old |
|
Definition
| balance flexion and extension |
|
|
Term
| what is the sitting motor development of a 6 month old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the standing motor development of a 6 month old |
|
Definition
| full weightbearing. Can bounce with support |
|
|
Term
| what is the general motor development of a 7 month old |
|
Definition
| increased dissociation of legs; increased rotational movements for transitions |
|
|
Term
| what is the prone motor development of a 7 month old |
|
Definition
| transitions into/out of quadruped. May begin to crawl |
|
|
Term
| what is the sitting motor development of a 7 month old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the standing motor development of a 7 month old |
|
Definition
| attempts to pull to stand. Able to support self at surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prone progression with the belly remaining on the ground as arms and legs move in reciprocal patterns to propel the body (army crawl) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4 point crawling with abdomen off the ground while arms and legs move in reciprocal patterns |
|
|
Term
| what is the sitting motor development of an 8 month old |
|
Definition
| variety of positions. Transitions to quadruped |
|
|
Term
| what is the general motor development of an 8 month old |
|
Definition
| transitions between positions and explores environment; initial creeping on all 4 extremities; pull to stand; cruising |
|
|
Term
| what is the motor development of a 9 month old |
|
Definition
| variability of movement skills; creeping/pulling to stand/climbing/cruising; lowering from standing |
|
|
Term
| what is the motor development of a 10 month old |
|
Definition
| practice and experience; forward cruising; lowering/squatting at support surface; walking with assistance |
|
|
Term
| what is the motor development of an 11 month old |
|
Definition
| standing with minimal support; greater trunk rotation in sitting and standing; variety of positions utilized; walking with one hand held |
|
|
Term
| what is the motor development of a 12 month old |
|
Definition
| quadruped to stand without external support; play in squatting; independent walking with short stride, high cadence, wide BOS, high arm position |
|
|
Term
| in what positions does the AIMS test |
|
Definition
| prone, supine, sitting, standing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alberta Infant Motor Scale |
|
|
