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| Mediated by neural paths (connections of neurons) to yield rapid involuntary muscle response to stimuli. |
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| mediated through the autonomic nervous system (smooth muscles in digestion, glands in sweating) |
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| involves sensory stimulation that causes skeletal muscles to react (withdrawal reflex from pain) |
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| transmits afferent impulse to central nervous system |
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| one ore more synapses in the CNS |
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| conducts efferent impulse to effector |
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| muscle/glands respond to impulses. |
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| initiated and completed at spinal cord level without involvement of higher brain centers. These are somatic reflexes. |
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| utilizes a 2 neuron (sensory and motor neurons)- "monosynaptic" reflex arc. |
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| utilizes sensory and motor neurons connected by interneurons- "polysynaptic" reflex arc. |
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| type of spinal reflex. maintains posture/balance and locomotion; tendon stretch causes agonist muscle contraction and antagonistic relaxation. ex: patellar (knee jerk) reflex |
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| flexion of one limb followed by extension of the opposite limb |
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| result from pain and temperature changes. ex: plantar reflex - Babinski's sign (abnormal response is flared toes) |
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| a function of cranial nerve V (trigeminal) touching of the cornea causes blinking to occur |
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| a function of cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus). Touching of the uvula causes gag reflex. |
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| reflex caused by light stimulation of cranial nerve II (optic) causing iris constriction by cranial nerve III (oculomotor) |
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| pupil constricts due to light stimulus |
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| light stimulation of one eye causes pupil constriction in contralateral (opposite side) eye |
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| stimulation of back of neck causes ipsilateral (same side) pupil dilation. |
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| food odor detection causes salivation |
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| react to external stimuli |
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| interoceptor/visceroceptor |
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| react to internal stimuli |
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| detects body/limb position |
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| free/naked nerve endings (2) |
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Definition
tactile (merkel disc) detects light touch
hair follicle receptor detects light touch |
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| Encapsulated nerve endings |
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Definition
tactile (meissner's) corpuscle detects light touch
Ruffini's corpuscle: detects deep pressure/stretch
lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle detects deep pressure/high frequency vibrations |
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| four qualities of cutaneous sensations |
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Definition
| touch, heat, cold, and pain. they are non-uniformly distributed throughout the body (hands have more touch receptors than harm, etc). Distribution based on the importance of the area and the need for those receptors. |
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| smallest distance 2 points of contact can be perceived (use a vernier caliper for this activity) |
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| determining which point on skin has been stimulated |
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| sensory receptor discharge from stimulus shows causing the perception of stimulus to decrease |
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| perception of pain from one area of body when another area is actually receiving the noxious stimulus. |
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| how to use/read a vernier caliper |
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Definition
| using the rounded tab, push the outer slide to the right. Then the distance between the prongs of the caliper is shown on top, where the outer zero mark lines up with the marks on the bottom of the inner ruler. The outer zero mark lines up with the upper marks, indicating the distance. you can adjust the distance between the prongs to a set distance as long as the outer zero mark is lined up with the inner ruler mark. |
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