Term
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Definition
| Energetics of a standard teleost |
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Term
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Definition
| Antartic blue whlae (Balaenoptera physulus) uses 1% of energy for growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cutthroat trout use 2-4% resting metabolism on osmoregulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatedness of faroese pilot whale pods. Matrifocal pods. Males stay with maternal pod but do not breed with these individuals. DNA fingerprinting of 6 microsatellites used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Orca off the coast of Canada are split into two ecotypes that do not interbreed and diverged 700,000 years ago. Based on feeding strategy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Megaptera novaeangalis (humpback). Y chromosome probes using 11 microsatellites found no assoociations between relatives apart from extended maternal care of offspring. Some evidence suggesting related males avoid one another in contest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ammonotelism is the least energy demanding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Salmon energetics. Less net energy then the standard teleost model. |
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Term
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Definition
| Net energy = Gross energy - (faecal loss + urinary and branchial excretion + heat production) |
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Term
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Definition
| Carnivores lose most energy through nitrogen excretion and heat loss. Herbivores lose most energy through faeces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inorganic phosphorous uptake 10% in intestine and 90% in pyloric caeca. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lemon shark (Negraprion brevirostris) has multiple feeding strategies feeding on fish, crustacea and molluscs. Capable of converting food to somatic growth at a similar rate to teleostei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucocorticoids cause glucose production in the liver of seals. |
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Term
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Definition
| No decline in gluconeogenic enzymes during feeding suggest that insulin response is different to terrestrial mammals e.g humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elephant seals have increased antioxidant abilities to cope with oxidative stress caused by starvation. e.g. increased glutathione in the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroid hormones act fast on behavior by non genomic route. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucocorticoids in penguins increase in phase III stavation increasing locomotor activity and calling for partner. Part of the natural cycle not a stress response. Does lead to abandonment though. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loggerhead (Caretta caretta): Indian and Atlantic ocean migratory connectivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flatfish ZW sex chromosome shares ancestor with avian ZW chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Great white sharks have femal orientated gene flow between oocean basins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic rate of bluefin higher then yellowfin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microsattelites are the best technique for cetacean study because they can use small samples and give information about relatedness of populations and individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marine mamma genetic techniques: mtDNA and neutral microsatellites are most common and appropriate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sirenian lungs may be orientated along the vertebral comlumn as this helps maintain horizontal body position which is optimal for benthic feeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forestomach in mysticetes for microbial digestion. |
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Term
| Buddington & Diamond 1986 |
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Definition
| Pyloric caeca increase surface area for absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| High levels of oxidative phosphorylation enzyme activity in marine mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuroglobin delivers O2 to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoglobin delivers O2 to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Humpback (Megaptera novaengalis) have an unknown bottom feeding strategy in some populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| MInke and fin whales haemoglobin is not sensitive to temperature. However at temperatures lower than their core it is sensitive to lower pH. CO2 blood content causes a drop in pH so at the lower temperature of the tail fluke Oxygen dissociates from Hb more efficiently. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) are opportunistic and consume bycatch discard as the major component of their diet in the mediterranean. They usually would feed on pelagic tunicates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crocodiles have the most powerful bite of any vertebrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parrot fish (Scaridae) have pharyngeal teeth that help to grind up coral and releas ethe algae. They produce a lot of sand! |
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Term
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Definition
| Basking shark feed at a speed 24% slower than normal locomotion, either to conserve energy or protect feeding apparatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used 16 microsatellites and mtDNA in sperm whales of the Atlantic and Med. They discovered that males breed with females from all populations the females remain in their natal habitats: female philopatry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fin and blue whale hybrid with fertile offspring produced. May allow for survival of the blue whale as low population numbers = low genetic diversity = susceptible to disease and negative effects of changing environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Humpback (Megatpera novaengalis) SE Alaskan and Hawaii populations have low mtDNA variation. Sggests recent small founding population. RFLP mtDNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Ranges overlap but no interbreeding of piscivorous VS mammal eating Orca (Orcinus orca). mtDNA and nuclear markers show genetic isolation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinner dolphin have three morphologically different types but using mtDNA RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) eastern and whitebelly forms are not genetically distinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brydes whales have a greater genetic distance (D=0.5) than brydes and sei whales. Does this mean they are seperate species? 45 allozyme loci were used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Humpback whales (Megaptera novaengalis), males from different feeidng areas in same competitive groups in breeding area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bottlenose dolphin form one globally distributed species. Using mtDNA RFLP there is 2.4% divergence between nearshore W Atlantic and near shore E Pacific subpopulations so must be some sort of reproductive isolation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) populations genetically distinct using microsatellites and mtDNA. Svalbard population with reduced diversity likely due to bottleneck caused by population decline (hunting, climate change, pollution). Inbreeding makes things worse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Celtic and boreal races of Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) in the UK and ireland using polymorphism at the transferrin locus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evidence for tributary specific Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) populations in the SW of england. Used polymorphisms at 6 enzyme loci. IDHP*3 provided the evidence. Catchments could no longer be managed as one single genetic unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| US populations of Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) also very specific patterns of genetic diversity between rivers and tributaries, Hardy weinberg equilibrium in most samples indicates that populations are stable. Transferrin locus used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) naturally substructured into genetically isolated populations. Most difference between America and Europe. Hatchery stocks have reduced genetic variation. Allozyme variation of 19 enzymes used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evidence against panmixic populations of Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) in the SW using 12 microsatellites. Significant genetic variation between subcatchments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) correlation between environmental factors and gene frequencies, may help to understand the distribution of different frequencies. |
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Term
| Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) Arc Project. 2004-07 |
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Definition
| 12 microsatellites used to ID Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) from different rivers. Information used for managment of stocks. Natal source of marine caught salmon can be identified so knowledge of the worst hit areas is made available. ID fishing methods causing most damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identify Atlantic slamon (Salmo salar) stock specific migration, distribution and ecology to enhance managment practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| High glucose production in liver similar to diabetes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gluconeogenic enzymes do not decrease with feeding, as in diabetes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin sensitivity decreses during fasting. SImilar to in diabetes though this is normal function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited insulin reponse to glucose. |
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Term
| Blackwell and Lebouff 1998 |
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Definition
| Limited glucose response to insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glutathione level is very high in the heart of elephant seal, ie they have an excellent ability to cope with ROS |
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Term
| Blackwell and Lebouff 1992 |
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Definition
| Sleep apnoea is a normal part of seal physiology while resting on land. With up to 8 minutes between breaths in elephant seal adults. |
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