Term
| 1. List the various sources of corruption in the church at the close of the fifteenth century (6-8). |
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Definition
| Popes, bishops on the councils, the clergy, monks, |
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Term
| 2. In what ways did apocalyptic movements feed the discontent of the masses (8-9)? |
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Definition
| Economic conditions had worsened, peasants were exploited by land owners, most of the poor no longer had the sense that the church was their defender, the ostentatiouness of prelates, their power as landowners, and their support of increasing inequality were seen by many as a betrayal of the poor and eventually as a sign that the antichrist had gained possession of the church. |
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Term
| 3. How did the fact that ancient feudal systems were coming to an end set the stage for the Reformation (9)? |
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Definition
| Powerful monarchies limited the power of prelates. Latin ceased to be a common bond for much of western Europe. This lead to a formative period for most of the literary languages of western Europe. Nationalism then found expression in these languages. This undermined the ancient dream of one flock under one shepherd, which now appeared to many as little more than an excuse for foreing intervention. |
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Term
| 4. What were other momentous events that were changing the worldview of western Europe (9-10)? |
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Definition
| Discovery of New Worlds, Travel to the far east, discovery that the earth was round and revolved around the sun, advances in medicine, math, and physics. All of this was being made readily available to scholars in various areas by means of the printing press. Influx of Byzantine scholars, rediscovery of artistic and literary legacy of antiquity |
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Term
| 5. Who was known as “the Prince of the Humanists” (10)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. What were some of the circumstances that heightened Luther’s impact (15)? |
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Definition
| Printing press, growing german nationalist sentiment, humanists who whooped for reformation, political circumstances |
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Term
| 2. Who was the first to make full usse of the value of printing as a medium for propaganda (15)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. Why did the much-needed Reformation take place (15)? |
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Definition
| Because the time was ripe for it and because the Reformer and many others with him were ready to fulfill their historical responsibility |
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Term
| 4. When and where was Luther born (15)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. What causes led Luther to join the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt (16)? |
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Definition
| In the middle of a thunderstorm he was overwhelmed by the fear of death and hell and promised St. Anne that he would become a monk. Also due to his harsh upbringing, he went to the monastery to avoid becoming a lawyer which is what his father wanted him to do. Also due to concern for his own salvation |
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Term
| 6. What happened to Luther when he celebrated his first mass? How did this affect his future attempts for spiritual resolution (16-17)? |
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Definition
| He was gripped by terror upon thinking that he was holding and offering nothing less thatn the very body of Christ.He would punish his body, went to confession as much as possible, this just led to him becoming more aware of his sin leaving him in a state of despair. He came to realize he didn’t feel love for God but hatred. In order to be saved one must coness one’s sins, and in spite of his best efforts his sin went far beyond what he could confess. |
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Term
| 7. Where did Luther ultimately find the solution for his spiritual anxiety? What text was particularly important (19)? |
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Definition
| In the bible, as he began to prepare Bible lectures. Romans 1:17 “righteousness of God is revealed” |
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Term
| 8. To what conclusion did Luther come regarding the “justice of God” (19-20)? |
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Definition
| It does not refer, as he had been taught, to the punishment of sinners. It means rather that the justice or righteouness of the righteous is not their own but God’s. The righteoiusness of God is that twhich is given to those who live by faith. Not because they earn it but begause God wishes to give it. |
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Term
| 9. Why did Luther’s “Ninety-Five Theses” evoke a different reaction from his theses regarding scholastic theology (20)? |
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Definition
| Because they attacked the sale of indulgences and its theological presuppositions. Luther had spoken agains plans for profit designed by very powrfullords and prelates. |
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Term
| 10. Who had been put in charge of the sale of indulgences in Germany? What was the sale of indulgences to fund? Which pope authorized this sale (20-21)? |
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Definition
| John Tetzel, building Basilica of Saint Peter, Leo X authorized it. |
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Term
| 11. What was Tetzel’s famous saying regarding “coins in the coffer” (21)? |
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Definition
| As soon as the coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs |
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Term
| 12. On what day did Luther publish his “Ninety-Five Theses”? How has this date become significant (22)? |
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Definition
| Eve of All saints day Oct. 31 1517. It has become known as the beginning of the protestant reformation |
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Term
| 13. What happened when Luther was called to the meeting of the Augustinian order in 1518 at Heidelberg (22-3)? |
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Definition
| Many of his fellow friars favored his teachings and som of the younger ones were even enthusiastic about it. So saw the dispute between Luther and Tetzel as another instance of the ancient rivalry between Dominicans and Augustinians, and therefore refused to abandon their champion. Eventually Luther waws able to return to Wittenberg strengthened by the support of his order, and encouraged by those whom he had won for his cause |
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Term
| 14. Who confronted Luther at the Diet of Augsburg in 1519 (24)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. Who felt compelled to protect Luther after the Diet of Augsburg? Why did he do so (24)? |
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Definition
| Wrederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony. He did so not because he was convinced of his teachings, but because justice demanded that he be given a hearing and a fair trial, Frederick wished to be known and remembered as a wise and just ruler. |
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Term
| 16. Who became the Holy Roman Emperor after the death of Maxmilian (24-6)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. What did Luther admit during his debate with John Eck at Leipzig (26)? |
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Definition
| The Council of Constance had erred in condemning Huss and that a Christian with thte support of Scripture has more authority than all popes and councils against that support. |
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Term
| 18. In which papal bull was Luther condemned and threatened with excommunication (27)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. When and where did Luther appear before Charles V and refuse to recant his writings (27-28)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. How does Gonzalez present Luther’s understanding of “the Word of God” (29-31)? |
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Definition
| It was more than the written word in the Bible. It is none other than God. The word of god is the son of God, 2nd person of the trinity. Therefore when God speaks we are not just given information but God acts. That creative and powerful Word was incarnate in Jesus who is both God’s greatest revelation and God’s greates action. In Jesus God was revealed to us and in Jeus God overcame the pwers of evil that had us in subjection. God’s revelation is also god’s victory. What makes the bible the word of God is not that it is infallible, nore that it can serve as a source of authority for theological and religious debate. The bible is the word of God because in it, Jesus the word incarnate comes to us. If you read the bible and don’t find Jesus in it you haven’t encountered the word of god. |
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Term
| 2. What does Luther mean by the phrase “theology of glory” (31)? |
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Definition
| All human efforts to climb to heaven and know God through speculation and philosophy and reason. Seeking to know the divine being in itself in its own glory while ignoring the enormous distance between God and humans. A theology of glory seeks god in those things that humans consider most valuable and praiseworthy. That is why it is so concerned with the power of God the glory of God and the goodness of God. But this is little more than creating God in our image, and we deceive ourselves into believing that God’s nature is what we would like it to be. |
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Term
| 3. What does Luther mean by the phrase “theology of the cross” (31-2)? |
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Definition
| This theology seeks god not where we choos nor as we would like God to be but in the devine revelation of the cross. There God is seen in weakness in suffering as a stumbling block. When we know god in the cross we must set aside all that we thought we knew by means of reason or of the inner voice of conscience. |
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Term
| 4. What does Luther’s contrast between law and gospel show regarding God’s revelation (32)? |
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Definition
| It shows that God’s revelation is both a word of judgment and a word of grace |
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Term
| 5. What does Luther’s contrast between law and gospel mean regarding the Christian’s current state (33)? |
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Definition
| A christian is at one an the same time both sinful and justified |
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Term
| 6. According to Gonzalez, what did Luther mean when he claimed that all Christians are priests by virtue of their baptism (i.e. “the universal priesthood of believers) (33-4)? |
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Definition
| It doesn’t mean primarily that we are our own individual priests, but rather that we are priests for the entire community of belief, and they are priests for us. It srenghens the need for the community of the church. Although access to God is no longer controlled by a hierarchiacal priest hood, we still stand in need of the community of believers in which each member is a priest for the rest. |
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Term
| 7. What was Luther’s teaching regarding baptism (34)? |
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Definition
| It is a sign of the death and resurrection of the believer with Jesus Christ. But it is more than a sign for by its power we are made members of the body of Christ. Baptism and faith are closely tied, for the rite itself without faith is not valid. But this does not mean that one must have faith before being baptized or that infants incapable of faith ought not be baptized. For this would understand faith to be a human work, something we must do. In salvation the initiative is always God’s, and this is precisely what the church proclaims in baptizing infants who are incapable of understanding what is taking place. Baptism is not only the beginning of the Christian life but the foundation and context in which the entire life of the believer takes place. Baptism is valid throughout life. In it lies the strength to resist the powers of evil. |
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Term
| 8. What was Luther’s teaching regarding communion? How did he account of the presence of Christ in communion (34-6)? |
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Definition
| He opposed transubstantiation. He refused to reduce communion to a mere sign or symbol of spiritual realities. He took the words of Jesus at the institution of the sacrament to be clear and undeniable proof of his physical presence at the sacrament, he affirmed that in communion believers truly and literally partake of the body of Christ. However the bread remains bread, the wine remains wine, but now the body and blood of the Lord are also in them and the believer is nourished by that body and blood through the very act of eating the bread and drinking the wine, later known as “consubstantiation”. Luther would speak of the presence of the body of Christ in, with , under, around, and behind the bread and wine. |
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Term
| 9. What was Luther’s teaching regarding “the two kingdoms” (36-7)? |
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Definition
| God established two kingdoms one under law the other under gospel. The state must operate under law, and its main purpose is to set limits to human sin and its consequences. Without the state sin would lead to chaos and destruction. Believers on the other hand , belong to the other kingdom under the gospel. This means that Christians ought not to expect the state to be ruled by the gospel not to support orthodoxy by persecuting heretics. |
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Term
| 1. Where did Frederick the Wise have his troops take Luther after his abduction (38)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. What was Luther’s most significant work at Castle Wartburg (38-9)? |
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Definition
| German translation of the Bible |
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Term
| 3. Who was leading the Reformation in Wittenberg when Luther was exile (39)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. Gonzalez listed six steps taken at Wittenberg while Luther was in exile—what were they (39)? |
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Definition
| 1. a number of monks and nunus left their monastic communitites and were married. 2. worship was simplified 3. german was substituted for latin 4. masses for the dead were abolished 5. days of fasting and abstinence were abolished 6. Melanchthon began to offer communion in both kinds |
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Term
| 5. What were the excesses that occurred at Wittenberg when Luther was in exile? Who were the “Zwickau prophets”? How did he deal with the problem (39)? |
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Definition
| Tearing down images of saints in churches. Three laymen who appeared at Wittenberg from Zwickau and declared themselves to be prophets. They claimed that god spoke directly to them, an they therefore had no need of scripture. Luther said that the gospel itself was at stake and decired to return to Wittenberg |
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Term
| 6. Why did Charles V not deal with Luther? What political challenges did he face (39-42)? |
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Definition
| He was threatened by more powerful enemies and coul not allow himself the luxury of alienating those among his German subjects who supported Luther. Conflict with Francis of France and Pope Clement. Turkish invaders. Rebellion of the knights. Peasant rebellion |
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Term
| 7. Who helped to lead the peasant rebellion in 1524-5? What were some of the doctrines that he was teaching (41)? |
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Definition
| Thomas Muntzer. What was most important was not the written written word of scripture but the present revelation of the Spirit. This had political consequences, for he felt that those who had been born a gain by the spirit shoul join in a theocratic community to bring about the kingdom of God. |
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Term
| 8. What were the “Twelve Articles”? Why were they significant (41-2)? |
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Definition
| The articles that the peasants drew up that made economic and religious demands. They sought to base their claims on the authority of scripture and if any of them were contrary to Scripture they would be withdrawn. They saw a connection between Luther’s doctrines and their rebellion |
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Term
| 9. What was Luther’s response to the peasant’s rebellion (42)? |
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Definition
| Luther’s doctrine of two kingdoms made it difficult for him to decide what to do. He addressed the princes after reading the Twelve articles and told the princes that what was demanded in them was just and the peasants were sorely oppressed. When the peasants took up arms, luther tried to persuade them to follow a more peaceful course and he finally called on the princes to suppress the movement. Later when the rebellion was drowned in blood luther urged the princes to be merciful. His words weren’t heeded. More than 100,000 peasants died |
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Term
| 10. On what issue did Luther and Erasmus clash? How did this conflict effect possible close collaboration between Lutherans and humanists (42-3)? |
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Definition
| Free will. It led many humanists to abandon the Lutheran cause. |
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Term
| 11. What happened at the Imperial Diet at Nuremberg in 1523 (43)? |
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Definition
| A policy of tolerance towards Lutheranism was adopted |
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Term
| 12. What happened at the Diet of Spire in 1526 (43)? |
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Definition
| It withdrew the edict of Worms and granted each of the many German states the freedom to choose its own religious allegiance. |
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Term
| 13. What happened at the second Diet of Spire in 1529 (43)? |
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Definition
| There was renewed threat of imperial intervention and fairly moderate princes joined the ranks of the staunch Catholics. Edict of Worms was reaffirmed. The Lutheran princes presented a formal protest and were called “Protestants” |
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Term
| 14. What happened at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530? What document was produced for this diet? Who was its author (43-44)? |
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Definition
| Charles wanted and orderly exposition of the points at issue between Protestants and Catholics. Philip Melanchthon wrote the Augsburg Confession. The Protestants of Saxony and other princes and leaders signed it as well and presented a united front before the emperor. The refused to abandon their faith. Charles was enraged and ordered them to recant by April of the following year or suffer the consequences |
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Term
| 15. What was the “League of Schmalkald” (44)? |
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Definition
| The Protestant territories joined this, its purpose was to resist the emperial edict by force with arms, if Charles sought to impose it by force of arms. |
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Term
| 1. What two factors were conscious elements in the reformation Zwingli led in Switzerland (46)? |
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Definition
| Humanism and nationalism. |
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Term
| 2. When was Zwingli born (46)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. How was Zwingli convinced that one of the great evils of Switzerland was war (47)? |
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Definition
| In 1512 and 1515 he went on Italian campaigns with mercenary soldiers from his district. The first expedition was successful and the yourng priest saw his parishioners lootin the conquered region. The outcome of the second was opposite and he now saw the impact of war on the defeated. He was convinced that mercenary service destroyed the moral fiber of society. |
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Term
| 4. When had Zwingli reached similar conclusions to Luther’s? Was it similar to Luther’s? How was it different (47-9)? |
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Definition
| By the time he became a priest in Zurich in 1518. His route was not the anguished quest of Luther’s but through the study of scripture according to the humanist method and his zealous outrage against the superstition that passed for Christianity, against the exploitation of the people by some leaders of the church and against mercenary service. |
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Term
| 5. When was Zwingli ready to undertake the great task of reformation? Who supported him (49)? |
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Definition
| 1522 the Council of the Government of Zurich |
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Term
| 6. Why was it significant that Zwingli’s parishioners ate sausages during Lent (49)? |
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Definition
| Because it led to the bishop of Constance to accuse the preacher before the Council of Government but Zwingli defended his preaching on the basis of Scripture |
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Term
| 7. What happened at the mandated debate between Zwingli and a representative of the Catholic bishop (49-50)? |
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Definition
| Zwingli expounded several theses and defended them on the basis of Scripture. The bishops representative refused to respond, declaring that soon a general council would gather and then the matters would be settled. When asked to try to show that Zwingli was wrong he again refused. Therefore the council declared that since no one refuted his teaching he was free to continue preaching. This marked Zurich’s final break with the bishopric of Constance and therefore with rome |
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Term
| 8. What was Zwingli’s main goal during the Zurich reformation? How did the content of his program differ from Luther’s (50)? |
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Definition
| To restore biblical faith and practice. Luther was willing to retain all traditional uses that did not contradict the Bible, Zwingli insisted that all that had no explicit scriptural support must be rejected. |
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Term
| 9. What were some of the effects of this theological principle in regard to worship music, communion, marriage, and education (50)? |
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Definition
| No organs violins because they weren’t found in the Bible, communion of both kinds were served to laity, priests monks and nuns married. General public education with no class distinctions became the norm |
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Term
| 10. How did Zwingli die in October 1531 (50)? |
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Definition
| He died in battle when the Catholics defeated the protestants in war. |
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Term
| 11. What was significant about the Peace of Kappel (50-51)? |
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Definition
| Protestants agreed to cover the expenses of the recent military actions and in return each canton would have the freedom to make its own choice in matters of religion.This caused movement of populations and formed staunch protestant and staunch catholic cantons |
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Term
| 12. According to Gonzalez, what was the main difference between Luther and Zwingli? How does he account for this difference (51)? |
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Definition
| Zwingli had a more positive view of the power of reason than Luther. This is due to the fact that Luthers tormented soul led him to scripture to find solace in justification by faith. Zwingli studied scripture because it was source of Christian faith and humanism encouraged return to sources. |
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Term
| 13. How did this difference lead to varying approaches on the doctrine of predestination (51)? |
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Definition
| They agreed that it was scriptural and that it was necessary to affim it as the basis for the doctrine of justification by grace alone. For Luther it was the expression and result of his experience of knowing himself impotent before his own sin, therefore finding himself forced to declare that his salvation was not his own work but God’s. Zwingli saw predestination as the logical consequence of the nature of God. Since God is both omnipotent and omniscient, God knows and determines all things beforehand. Luther would be content to say that its necessary because humans can’t do anything for their own salvation. |
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Term
| 14. What was one of the reasons Zwingli insisted on a simple form of worship (51)? |
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Definition
| He was influenced by Neoplatonic interpretations of Christianity, undervaluing matter and contrsting it with spiritual reality. He wanted simple worship so that it would not lead the believer to the material through excessive use of the senses. |
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Term
| 15. How did Luther and Zwingli differ on the nature of the eucharist (51-2)? |
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Definition
| Luther held that an inner divine action took place when the outer human action was performed. Zwingli refused to grant such efficacy to the sacrament for this woul limit the freedom of the Spirit. For him the materical elements and the physical action that accompany them can be no more than signs or symbols of spiritual reality. |
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Term
| 16. What happened at the Marburg Colloquy in 1529? Who attended this colloquy (52)? |
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Definition
| Landgrave Philip of Hesse tried to bring the german and swiss reformers together. The question of how Christ was present at communion was an unsurmountable obstacle. Luther and Melanchton, Bucer, Oecolampadius and Zwingli |
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Term
| 1. What did the critics of Zwingli and Luther’s reformations claim regarding the church and society (53)? |
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Definition
| in the new testament there is a marked contrast between church and the society around it. The church must not be confused with the rest of society |
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Term
| 2. According to these critics, how did one belong to “the true church”? What did this position lead them to reject (54)? |
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Definition
| One belongs to society by the mere fact of being born into it, and through no decision on one’s own part. Once can’t belong to the true church without a personal decision to that effect. Therefore infant baptism must be rejected. |
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Term
| 3. What did these critics claim was an essential element in Christianity (54)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. Where did these critics first come to attention (54)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. What happened when it became clear to these “brethren” that Zwingli wouldn’t heed their criticisms (i.e. who baptized whom?)? When did this happen (54-5)? |
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Definition
| The sought to form a congregation of true believers. January 21 1525 |
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Term
| 6. What does “Anabaptist” mean? What was the basic theological presupposition behind their “anabaptism” (55)? |
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Definition
| Rebaptizers. It wasn’t true rebaptism, for they didn’t see the infant baptism as being valid the first real baptism takes place when one receives the rite after having made a public profession of faith |
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Term
| 7. How did Anabaptists threaten the social order (56)? |
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Definition
| Their extreme pacifism was unacceptable to those in charge of maintaining social and political order, particulary amid the upheavals of the sixteeth century |
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Term
| 8. In what ironic way were Anabaptists executed during their persecution (56)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. As the Anabaptist movement became increasingly radical, what happened to their commitment to pacifism? What took its place (57)? |
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Definition
| The pacifism was forgotten and hopes of violent revolution took its place |
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Term
| 10. Who was Melchior Hoffman? What message did he preach (57-8)? |
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Definition
| A leather dresser who at first was a lutheran then a zwinglian then an Anabaptist. He began announcing that the day of the Lord was near. He announced that he would be imprisoned for six months and then the end would com. He rejected pacifism because as the end approached it woul be necessary for the children of god to take up arms against the children of darkeness. |
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Term
| 11. What happened at Munster? Who were the leaders? What OT practice did one of their leaders support (58)? |
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Definition
| Many Anabaptists thought new Jerusalem would be established there and went there because the Anabaptist weren’t persecuted there. They ended up taking over the city. John Matthys, and John of Leiden. They expelled the Catholics, and the expelled bishop gathered an army and laid siege to the city. Many of the men died including John Matthys. Polygamy was then decreed by John of Leiden. The catholics later ran out of money, so it appeared as if Leiden had led them to victory. The people proclaimed him king of new Jerusalem. Later some of the people got tired of his excesses and opened the gates to the bishop. The king and his leutenants were tortured and executed |
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Term
| 12. Who was Menno Simons? What name did his followers come to be known by (59)? |
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Definition
| A dutch catholic priest who embraced anabaptism in 1536. his followers were Mennonites |
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Term
| 13. Gonzalez listed four main teachings of Simons’ followers—what were they (59)? |
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Definition
| Pacifism was essential to Christianity, Christians can’t take oaths or occupy positions that require them, should obey civil authority as long as it is not contrary to scripture. Baptism which he performed by pouring, should only be administered to adults who confess their faith publicly. Neither sacraments confer grace but are outward signs of inward realities. They also practiced footwashing |
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Term
| 1. Who was the most important systematizer of Protestant theology in the sixteenth century (61)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. How were Luther and Calvin different (61)? |
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Definition
| Luther was a blazing trailblazer, Calvin a careful thinker wh bound the various Protestant doctrines into a cohesive whole. Justification by faith dominated Luther’s theology. Calvin didn’t allow it to eclipse the rest of Chrsitian theology.and was able to focus on some things luther missed like sanctification |
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Term
| 3. Where and when was Calvin born (61)? |
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Definition
| Noyon, France July 10 1509 |
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Term
| 4. How did Calvin come to his break with Rome (63)? |
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Definition
| It isn’t known, most likely through influence of humanists and study of Scripture and early christianity |
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Term
| 5. In what city was Calvin exiled in January 1535? What book did he publish there in 1536 (63)? |
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Definition
| Basel Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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Term
| 6. What were the initial six chapters of Calvin’s Institutes (63)? |
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Definition
| The Law, the Creed, the Lord’s prayer, the sacraments, Protestant position on false sacraments of Rome, and Christian freedom |
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Term
| 7. What Latin and French editions constitute the definitive text of the Institutes (64)? |
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Definition
| The ones of 1559 and 1560 |
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Term
| 8. How did Gonzalez summarize the content of the four “books” of Calvin’s Institutes (64)? |
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Definition
| First book treats God and revelation and creation and nature of the human creature. Second God as redeemer and how this is made known to us first in OT thin in Jesus. Third shows how through the Spirit we can share in the grace of jesus and the fruits this produces. Fourth deals with external means of that sharing, the church and sacraments. |
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Term
| 9. What was the high point of Protestant systematic theology in the time of the Reformation (64)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Where was Calvin going when he spent the night in Geneva? Did he ever get where he was going? Why not (64-5)? |
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Definition
| Strasbourg. No. he had to detour through Geneva. William Farel pressured him into staying in Geneva. |
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Term
| 11. Which Bern missionary confronted Calvin with the great need in Geneva (65)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. What issue led to Calvin and Farel’s exile from Geneva (65-6)? |
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Definition
| The matter of the right to excommunicate. Calvin insisted that unrepentant sinners should be excommunicated. The government refused because it was in hands of bourgeoisie. |
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Term
| 13. What did Calvin do when he was in Strasbourg (66)? |
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Definition
| Calvin became a pastor, he produced a french liturgy, French translations of several psalms and other hymns, prepared second edtion of institutes. And married Idelette de Bure a widow. |
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Term
| 14. What were the happiest years of Calvin’s life (67)? |
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Definition
| The three years he spent in Strasbourg 1538-1541 |
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Term
| 15. What did Calvin do upon returning to Geneva in 1541 (67)? |
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Definition
| Preparation of a series of Ecclesiastical Ordinances. |
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Term
| 16. What church government structure did Calvin utilize to oversee the worship and morals of the church (67)? |
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Definition
| Consistory. Members were the pastors and twelve lay “elders”. |
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Term
| 17. What “famous process” happened in 1553? What were the issues involved between Calvin and Michael Servetus (67-8)? |
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Definition
| The famous process against Servetus. Heresy Servetus denied the trinity and union of church and state he said was apostacy |
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Term
| 18. What fond dream did Calvin fulfill in 1559? Who led this institution (68)? |
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Definition
| He opened the Genevan Academy directed by Theodore Beza |
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Term
| 19. When did Calvin die (68)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. What was Calvin’s position on the presence of Christ in communion (68)? |
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Definition
| He took an intermediate position Calvin affirmed that the presence of Christ in communion is real, although spiritual. The presense isn’t merely symbolic, nor is communion just a devotional exercise, but in it there is a true divine action for the church that partakes of the sacrament. But this doesn’t mean that the body of Christ descends from heaven or that it can be present on several altars at the same time. In the act of communion by the power of the HS believers are taken to heaven and share with Christ in a foretaste of the heavenly banquet |
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Term
| 21. What was the “Zurich Consensus”? Who agreed to it? When did this happen (68)? |
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Definition
| Bucer, Calvin and the main Swiss Protestants and several others from southern Germany. It made room for both Luther and Bucer’s views in 1549 |
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Term
| 22. What were the issues in the conflict with Joachim Westphal (69)? |
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Definition
| Issue of christ’s presense in communion. |
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Term
| 23. During this early period, what was the main characteristic of the “Calvinist” or “Reformed” (69)? |
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Definition
| Their understanding of communion |
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Term
| 1. Why did Henry VIII have to marry Catherine of Aragon? What papal mechanism was needed to bring the marriage about? What was the issue (71-2)? |
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Definition
| In order to strenghthen his father’s ties to Spain his brother Arthur married her but died four months later so Henry had to marry her in order to retain the friendship of spain and the widow’s dowry. Canon law prohibited a man’s marriage to his brother’s widow. They needed a papal dispensation. |
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Term
| 2. What were the issues in play when Henry tried to annul his marriage to Catherine (72)? |
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Definition
| Some questioned whether the pope could authorize the marriage to begin with so they questioned the legality of the marriage. Catherine failed to produce a male heir. Some saw this as a sign of devine wrath. The nation had experienced a bloodletting of a war of succession and needed a male heir. Catherine was the aunt of emperor Charles V and who had the pope under his thumb. The pope could grand an annulment, but she wanted Charles to save her from dishonor. The pope couldn’t annul without alienating Charles. |
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Term
| 3. Was Henry sympathetic toward Protestantism? How did he earn the title “defender of the faith” (72-3)? |
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Definition
| Not necessarily. A few years earlier he had published a treatise against luther and Pope Leo X gave him title defender of the faith. But he just wanted restoration of the rights of th crown against undue papal intervention not necessarily refrom |
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Term
| 4. What led to the final break with Rome? When was this (73)? |
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Definition
| Lutheran ideas joined with what remained of Wycliffe’s and the people rejoiced in the growing distance between their sovering and the papacy. Wycliffe’s program included creation of a national church and Henry was leading in that direction. 1534 |
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Term
| 5. Gonzalez listed four “laws” that Parliament issued that led to this break with Rome—what were they (73)? |
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Definition
| Laws forbidding payment of annates and other contributions to rome, ruling Henry’s marriage to Catherine was not a true marriage, therefore Mary wasn’t the legitimate heir, and they made the king the supreme head of the Church of England. Anyone who dared say the king was a schismatic or a heretic was guilty of treason. |
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Term
| 6. Who was the most notable figure opposing these laws? What happened to him (73)? |
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Definition
| Sir Thomas More. He was imprisoned. His daughter tried to convince him to recant. He didn’t and was executed. |
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Term
| 7. Who was typical of the attitude that a more thorough reformation was needed in England (73-4)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 8. Henry VIII had six wives—who were they (74-5)? |
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Definition
| Catherine, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr |
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Term
| 9. What was a significant action that Cranmer took which furthered the Reformation in England (75)? |
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Definition
| Translating the Bible into English and had it placed in every church where all could read it. |
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Term
| 10. What advances occurred during the reign of Edward VI, under the regency of the Duke of Somerset (75-6)? |
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Definition
| Cup in common communion was restored to the laity, members of the clergy could marry, images were withdrawn from the churches, book of common prayer was produced |
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Term
| 11. What was the most important religious acehivement during the Somerset regency (76)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 12. To whom did the crown go when Edward VI die? What commitment did she make out of conviction and political necessity (76)? |
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Definition
| Mary Tudor, restoring Roman Catholiscim in England |
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Term
| 13. Whom did Mary marry in order to strengthen her ties with the Cathoic house of Hapsburg (76)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 14. What was Mary’s nickname? How did she earn it (76-7)? |
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Definition
| Bloody Mary, open persecution of Protestant leaders became policy, three hundred were burned while others went to prison or exile |
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Term
| 15. Who was one of the most illustrious martyrs during Mary’s reign (77-8)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 16. Who succeeded Mary to England’s throne in 1558 (78)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. What was the “via media”? How did this policy find expression in the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-Nine Articles (79)? |
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Definition
| A policy of theological inclusivism. IN common prayer it combined the two earlier versions. The double formula was to accommodate the divergent opinions. IN the 39 articles, although it condems some catholic practices, it didn’t seek to choose between the varying protestant views. |
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Term
| 18. Who were the “Puritans” (80)? |
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Definition
| Calvinists who were called puritans because they insisted on the need to restore the pure practices and doctrines of the NT |
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Term
| 19. What happened at the castle of St. Andrew? How does John Knox factor in that story (81-2)? |
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Definition
| Protestant conspirators took th castle and killed the archbishop. An army was sent to capture and punish them, but after a short siege the troops withdrew and Protestants in Scotland began to consider St Andrews as the bastion of their faith. He was tutor to the sons of two of the St Andrews conspirators. When they took possession of the castle he was ordered to bring the boys to the castle. Although he planned to leave for Germany after delivering them and devote some time to studying theology. But against his will he was made preacher of the Protestant community and became the main spokesman for the cause of reformation in Scotland. |
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Term
| 20. Where did Knox go after Edward’s death? When and why did Knox return (82)? |
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Definition
| Switzerland and spent time with calvin and Zwingli. The Lords of the Congregation who formed a church to oppose Mary Stuarts pro Catholic policies 1558 |
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Term
| 21. What was The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women? How did affect Knox’s relationship with Elizabeth (82)? |
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Definition
| A virulent attack against the women who then reigned in Europe, Mary Tudor and Catherine Medici. But soon after that Elizabeth took the crown in England, and although it was written against her half sister she resented much of it, for its arguments based on anti feminine prejudice could just as well be applied to her. This hindered their relationship. Knox repeated retractions did no appease her. |
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Term
| 22. When did Mary Stuart become Queen of Scotland? Who was her main advisor (83)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 23. What were the three pillars of the Reformed Church of Scotland (83)? |
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Definition
| Book of Discipline, Book of Common Order, and Scots Confession |
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Term
| 1. Who was the leader of the League of Schmalkald (86)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 2. What was the rival Catholic league that formed in 1539 (88)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3. What were the four blows that Protestantism received (89)? |
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Definition
| Bigamy of Philip Hesse, refusal of Duke Maurice of Saxony to join the League, Luther’s death, Charles invasion of Germany capturing Philip Hesse and John Frederick son and successorof Frederick the wise |
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Term
| 4. What was the “Augsburg Interim” (89-90)? |
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Definition
| An article written by a joint commission of Catholic and Protestant theologians, all Germans were ordered to obey it, it was to be the law of the land until a general council could be convened to decide on the issues being debated. |
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Term
| 5. What was the “Leipzig Interim”? Who wrote it (90)? |
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Definition
| Several protestants refused to obey it and agreed on a modified version “Leipzig Interim” which made concessions in peripheral matters in order to be able to continue preaching and practicing the essential. Melanchthon led this. |
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Term
| 6. What religious policy was established by the Peace of Passau (90-1)? |
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Definition
| Freedom of Religion was granted throughout the empire. It didn’t mean that all subjects were free to choose their own religion but that thte local rulers could make that decision for themselves and their subjects and that the emperor would not insist on the retun of Protestant princes to Catholicism. But this was only for those who held to traditional Catholicism or the the Confession of Augsburg. Anabaptists and Reformed were not included in the provision |
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Term
| 7. Why did Charles V relinquish power and join a monastery (91)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. What was the “massacre of Stockholm”? What was the reaction to it (92)? |
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Definition
| When the Reformation broke out in Germany Christian II was on the Scandinavian throne. Since the Swedes would not allow him effective power in their land he appealed to his brother in law and other princes and with largely foreign troops moved into Sweden and had himself crowned in Stockholm. Although he vowed to spare the lives of his Swedish enemies, a few days after his coronation he ordered the “massacre of Stockholm, in which the leading aristocrats and ecclesiastics of the county were murdered. |
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Term
| 9. When was Protestantism officially granted tolerance in Demark and Norway (92)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Who was Gustavus Vasa (93)? |
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Definition
| He confirmed the popular sentiment against Danish occupation. He proclaimed a national rebellion, and took up arms whit a disorganized band of followers. In 1521 the rebels named him regent of the kingdom and then King (of Sweden) two years later. He later through subtle policy sought to drive a wedge between the clergy and nobility and between both of these groups and the majority of the population. Later an assembly was called the clergy and nobility sought to thwart his reforms. SO he resigned saying Sweden wasn’t ready for a king. Then threatened by chaos the assembly agreed to recall the king and curb the power of the prelates. Therefore the clergy lost its political power. By the time Vasa died, in 1560 Sweden was Protestant, with Lutheran ecclesiastical hierarchy and the monarchy ceased to be elective in order to become hereditary. |
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Term
| 1. When were the first two Protestant martyrs burned in Antwerp (94)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2. What were the “Seventeen Provinces” (94)? |
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Definition
| A group of territories near the mouth of the Rhine, roughly Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg. |
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Term
| 3. What were the Protestant movements that made their way into the Low Countries? Who was the most successful (95)? |
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Definition
| Lutheran, Anabaptists, Calvinists. Most successful was Calvinism |
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Term
| 4. What were some of the political actions that Philip II took which Gonzalez characterized as “folly, obstinacy, and hypocrisy” (96-7)? |
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Definition
| When he returned to Spain he quartered Spanish troops in the area in order to strengthen his half sister Margaret of Parma’ authority in the region. He appointed new bishops who were given inquisitorial powers. He paid scant attention to their most loyal subjects. William prince of Orange and the Count of Egmont, were not consulted on matters of importance. The king Lied to Egmont when he went to spain. And he said all who oppose the Council of Trent decrees against Protestantism should be killed. |
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Term
| 5. By 1607, what was the result of the struggle with Philip II? How did most people view their Calvinist faith (101)? |
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Definition
| Spain decided that the losses in the struggle were not worth the effort and cost of continuing war and signed a truce. Most equated their Calvinist faith with their nationalist loyalty. |
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Term
| 1. Who ruled France at the beginning of the Reformation (102)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. Who encouraged the reform movement from the neighboring kingdom of Navarre (103)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. Who succeeded Francis I? What his policy regarding Protestantism (103)? |
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Definition
| Henry II, he persecuted them constantly and cruelly |
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Term
| 4. When was the first Protestant church established in France (103)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 5. Who were the “Huguenots” (104)? |
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Definition
| Protestants in the high nobility who conspired to take possession of the king Francis II and keep him apart from the Guises |
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Term
| 6. What was the effect of the Edict of St. Germain in 1562 (104)? |
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Definition
| Granted Huguenots freedom to practice their religion, but forbade them owning places of worship, gathering in synods without a previous permit, collecting funds, supporting and army…..Thus all they were granted waas the right to worship as long as it took place outside cities, at daytime and without arms. The Guises refused to obey it and gathered around a stable where some Huguenots were worshipping and killed as many as they could |
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Term
| 7. During the wars of religions in the 1560s, who led the Catholics? Who led the Protestants (105)? |
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Definition
| Duke of Guise. Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. |
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Term
| 8. When was the massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day? How many Huguenots died (106)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. Why did Henry IV convert (for a fifth time)? What did he allegedly claim (109)? |
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Definition
| He decided the throne of France would never be his unless he became Catholic. “Paris is worth a mass” |
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Term
| 10. Who issued the Edict of Nantes? When did this occur (109)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. What were the differences in religious policy between Isabella and her husband Ferdinand (111)? |
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Definition
| Their motivations. Isabella was interested in having the authority to reform the church, whereas Ferdinand saw in th naming of prelates an important political prerogative that would strengthen the crown. |
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Term
| 2. Who gave Isabella support for her program of reformation (111)? |
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Definition
| Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros |
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Term
| 3. What were Jimenez’s two most significant contributions (112)? |
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Definition
| Founding of the University of Alcala and the publication of the Complutensian Polyglot. |
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Term
| 4. Did Jimenez’s scholarly interests led to tolerance? How did he deal with doctrinal deviation (112-3)? |
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Definition
| No. it was to be serverly punished |
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Term
| 5. Who were foremost among those who defended Roman Catholic faith against Protestantism (114)? |
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Definition
| Robert Bellarmine and Caesar Baronius |
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Term
| 6. What book by Robert Belleramine became the classical source of arguments against Proetestantism (114)? |
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Definition
| On the Controversis of the Christian Faith |
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Term
| 7. In whose tiral did Belleramine participate (114)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 8. What two works marked the birth of church history as a modern discipline (114)? |
|
Definition
| The Centuries of Magdeburg and Ecclesiastical Annals |
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Term
| 9. Who founded the Discalced Carmelites (115)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 10. Who founded the Jesuits? What is another name for this order (115, 117)? |
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Definition
| Ignatius Loyola. Society of Jesus |
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Term
| 11. Who joined Teresa in her efforts to found her monastic convents (115)? |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. Who are the two women that the Roman Catholic church lists as “doctors of the church” (115-6)? |
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Definition
| St. Teresa and St. Catherine of Siena |
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Term
| 13. Which pope started the sessions of the Council of Trent? When was this (119)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 14. What significant actions did Paul IV take (119)? |
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Definition
| He refrained from reconvening the council |
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Term
| 15. Why did the Council of Trent meet at Trent (119)? |
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Definition
| Was it well attended (119)? Charles V insisted that the council must meet in his territories and that is why it was in trent. No. |
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Term
| 16. The Council of Trent lasted from 1545 until 1563—did it meet the entire time? What were the “sessions” (120)? |
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Definition
| No 1545-1547, 1551-1552, 1562-1563 |
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Term
| 17. Gonzalez listed six items as “measures of reformation” that the Council of Trent commanded—what were they (120)? |
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Definition
| Bishops to reside in their sees, condemned pluralism, listed and defined the obligations of the clergy, regulated the use of such things as relics and indulgences, and ordered the founding of seminaries fro the training of the ministry. And promoted study of Thomas Aquinas |
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Term
| 18. Gonzalez listed six items as “measures against Protestantism” that the Council of Trent commanded—what were they (120-1)? |
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Definition
| The Vulgate is authoritative in matters of dogma, tradition has authority parallel to Scripture, the sacraments are seven, mass is a true sacrifice that can be offered for the benefit of the dead, communion of both kinds is not necessary, justification is based on good works done through the collaboration between grace and the believer |
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Term
| 19. What marked the birth of the modern Catholic Church (121)? |
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Definition
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