Term
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Definition
| "Not having an interpreter in a park is like inviting a guest to your house, opening the door, and then disappearing." |
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Term
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Definition
| "The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but something to set afire." |
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Term
| What is environmental interpretation? |
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Definition
| = an educational activity that aims to reveal meaning and relationships through the use of original objects, by firsthand experience, and by illustrative media, rather than simply to communicate factual information. |
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Term
| How does it differ from "environmental education"? |
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Definition
| Adds meanings and relationships. |
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Term
| Why is interpretation more than "simply communicating factual information"? |
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Definition
1) leisure setting
2) lack of obligation
3) non-captive audience
4) meaning not just facts
5) provoking interest |
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Term
| What are the 3 major functions that environmental interpretation can serve (hint: serving as a "management tool" is one of them)? |
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Definition
1. Education function
(Enhance the visitor's awareness, appreciation, and understanding of the site and the surrounding area)
2. Recreation function
(Enhance and diversify the visitor's enjoyment of the recreation experience by providing socialization, association, and exploration)
3. Management function |
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Term
| What are the 4 ways that interpretation can serve as a management tool? |
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Definition
a. Encourage thoughtful visitor use of the site in order to protect the natural and cultural resources
b. Guide visitors away from fragile resources or overused areas in order to minimize human impacts
c. Promote public understanding of the agency's goals and objectives in order to increase public support
d. Promote visitor safety |
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Term
| What are the 6 principles of interpretation created by Freeman Tilden? |
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Definition
1) information, as such, is not interpretation
2) info must relate to the visitor
3) interpretation is an art combining many arts
4) chief aim is not instruction, but provocation
5) should present the whole rather than the part
6) interpretation for chilodren is fundamentally different |
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Term
| What is the primary aim of interpretation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between "personal" and "nonpersonal" interpretive services? |
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Definition
| A real person is involved in the interpretation. |
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Term
| Nonpersonal interpretive examples: |
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Definition
| signs, exhibits, brochures, audio |
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Term
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Definition
to translate a message from one language to another as directly as possible without adding or deleting any messages or changing any meanings.
(ex., a translator would be fired if they didn't translate exactly what the speaker said) |
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Term
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Definition
...to interpret complex environmental messages in a format that is easily understood by visitors.
(ex., an interpreter might take a scientific report with complicated statistical data and transform the message so that it is palatable to visitors. In the process, the interpreter might add, delete, and/or alter messages to enhance understanding) |
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Term
| Personal interpretive examples: |
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Definition
- Talks (campfire programs, live slide shows, demonstrations, etc.)
- Demonstrations
- Guided walks and tours
- Information duty (visitor center duty, roving duty, point duty)
- Living interpretation (reenacting an historical time, life, or event by having interpreters dress up in "period" costumes and act out historical roles) |
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Term
| In a study of the Houston, Texas area, what percentage of hunter drownings were alcohol related? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are "interpretive" signs less likely to be vandalized than regular signs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Optimal Interpretive Opportunities (OIO): |
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Definition
| = Points where visitors naturally congregate at a site (they usually have unique features and good access) |
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Term
| A 1969 Gallup Poll for the National Wildlife Federation asked what action should be taken to preserve wildlife.What were the main responses that people gave to the question? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Dale Shaw's 1973 study, what was the primary reason that college students had anti-hunting sentiment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why try to value OR in the first place? |
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Definition
| Recreation agencies/departments/divisions need to be able to prove their worth in order to compete for resources (money, personnel, etc.) with other agencies/departments/divisions |
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Term
| How would money spent on a capital improvement of a park district be spent? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are park bonds "retired"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is "economic rationing"? |
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Definition
| Make something expensive so not everyone can afford it. |
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Term
| What is a "benefit-cost ratio"? |
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Definition
| assessing the costs and benefits of proposed projects. They needed to show those in control of the budget that for each dollar spent, at least a dollar in benefits would be obtained by society. |
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Term
| What are "non-market goods"? |
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Definition
| Goods that aren't traded in the open market. may have no substitutes (like Yosemite), or it may have absolute substitutability. |
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Term
| What is non-marketability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is inelastic demand? |
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Definition
| demand for a Yosemite experience is highly "inelastic." To a number of visitors, Yosemite is "worth" paying to see, and there is no substitute. |
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Term
| What is the net result of a "mixture of public and private supply" of outdoor recreation opportunities? |
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Definition
| The net results of this mixture of public and private supply of OR opportunities is to drive prices lower than they'd be expected to be in an open "laissez-faire" market. Thus, it is difficult to value outdoor recreation by what people actually pay for it. |
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Term
| Why does a mixture of public and private supply make it hard to assess the economic value of a recreation resource? |
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Definition
| Unlike the private sector, which must rely on sales for revenue, the public sector can collect revenue from taxation. The bread company gets its revenue from people who buy their loaves. The government-operated park gets its revenue from everybody's taxes, whether they use the park or not. Such a park is considered a "public good." |
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Term
| Why do outdoor recreation opportunities tend to have "non-homogeneity"? |
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Definition
| An OR activity may be engaged in to alleviate stress, to experience solitude, to overcome challenge, to meet or be with friends, etc. The OR opportunity does not produce homogeneous benefits. |
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Term
| How would a typical "demand curve" look for a setting like Yosemite National Park? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the economic term"collective utility" refer to? |
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Definition
| "Collective utility" means that more than the consumers benefit. For example, if a dam is built to create a lake for recreation, more than the recreationists who will use the lake will benefit. People downstream will benefit from flood control |
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Term
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Definition
| If the price of that Yosemite experience were to rise even slightly, from A1 to A2, these "convenience" visitors would visit much less often. They would substitute other picnic areas because the grandeur of Yosemite is not that critical to their outdoor recreation experience. Here, the demand for Yosemite would be considered highly "elastic." |
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Term
| It's hard to put a "price tag" on O.R. sites because: |
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Definition
(a) the sites are "non-market goods," which means they aren't traded on the open market (i.e., no store sells items like Yosemite National Park).
(b) few, if any, substitutes/alternates exist for them so it's hard to use Site B to determine the value of Site A (on the contrary, pasta can substitute for bread, so if you know the price of bread, you can get a feel for the value of pasta)
(c) demand is highly "inelastic" at the first part of the demand curve (ex., increasing entrance fees to Yosemite National Park from $10 to $15 may not have much effect on demand because visitors are willing to pay more because the park is "worth" seeing) |
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Term
| People "say" one thing but "do" another |
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Definition
People may "say" something is highly valued but may not be willing to actually pay very much for it:
Example: In a Department of Fish and Game statewide wildlife survey, people said they were willing to pay for annual passes to enter wildlife areas, yet sales of wildlife passes have been very slow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Do you like some parks to exist (ex., parks in Alaska) even if you may never get a chance to visit them? If so, do such parks have economic "value" to you just for existing |
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Term
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Definition
| This method determines the costs of travel to and from the outdoor recreation site, and uses that amount as a proxy for the value of the total recreation experience. |
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Term
| Contingent valuation method: |
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Definition
| This approach involves engaging recreationists in a bidding process, somewhat like an auction. Visitors are asked how much they would be willing to pay for a specific recreation opportunity. |
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Term
| Are hunters, anglers, and wildlife observers tending to spend more or less money on their activities? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does CA rank with respect to wildlife watching, fishing, and hunting? |
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Definition
#1 wildlife watching
#2 fishing
#8 hunting |
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Term
| Are hunting and fishing licences sales increasing or decreasing in CA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the CDFG's primary sources of funding? |
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Definition
44% from licenses, permits, commercial fishing taxes, and fines
18% from federal funds (excise taxes on hunting and fishing gear)
13% from fee imposed on every barrel of oil and on oil pipelines
10% reimbursements from other departments for work DFG does for them
6% from env. license plates (once was 12-15% of DFG's budget)
5% from surtax on tobacco products
2% from general tax revenues (9 cents/citizen/year in Calif)
The majority of funds come from hunters and anglers. |
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Term
| CDFG current expenditures: |
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Definition
30% fisheries management program
20% wildlife management
17% law enforcement
14% env services
10% spill prevention and recovery
6% marine resources |
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Term
| If a person paid $1000 in federal income taxes last year, approximately what amount of this would go to fish and wildlife management agencies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of use at some wildlife areas is by "nonconsumptive users" such as birdwatchers and wildlife photographers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Existing Federal Wildlife Excise Tax: |
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Definition
Pittman-Robertson Act (1937)
11% on firearms (other than pistols and revolvers) and shells and cartridges
10% tax on pistols and revolvers
11% on bows and arrows and parts and accessories
Dingell-Johnson Act (1950)
10% federal excise tax on fishing rods, creels, reels, and artificial lures, baits, and flies
3% tax on electric trolling motors and sonar fish finders
Distribution to states:
40% distributed to states evenly
60% distributed based on a ratio:
# of state license holders /total # of license holders in US
Wallop-Breaux in 1984
3% portion of Federal fuels tax and importation duties on fishing tackle and pleasure boats |
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Term
| An entrance fee is charged to wildlife observers but not to hunters and anglers (because they have already had to purchase a license) |
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Definition
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Term
| When you buy fishing equipment at a tackle shop, the price of the equipment: |
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Definition
| Includes a 10% tax aimed at helping improve fish populations |
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Term
| Approximately what percentage of California's 1500 species of wildlife are considered "game" species (in other words, they are hunted or fished)? |
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Definition
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Term
| The number one source of funding for the California Department of Fish and Game is: |
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Definition
| Hunting and fishing license sales |
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Term
| What percentage of Californians agree with the following statement: "Wildlife should be maintained even if it means higher prices for the consumer": |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common users of state wildlife refuges in California tend to be: |
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Definition
| Birdwatchers, wildlife observers, and picnickers |
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Term
| The most popular wildlife recreation activity in California is: |
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Definition
| Viewing wildlife at zoos and nature centers |
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Term
| A "special population" can be defined as: |
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Definition
an individual or group who has specific limitations and/or disabling conditions. A special population deviates from the 'norm' in one area of functioning, not all.
Must a person be disabled or handicapped to be considered a "special population"?
A person may be "able bodied" yet still be considered a "special population. They aren't necessarily someone who is disabled or handicapped. |
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Term
| Do special populations want to be treated specially? |
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Definition
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Term
| What new terms have replaced the terms shown? |
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Definition
handicapped ---> physically disabled
senior citizen----> elder
retarded----------> developmentally disabled |
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Term
| What implication does "ability first" have for OR managers? |
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Definition
| The need to put the person before their disability. |
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Term
| To what do the following key special population "intrinsic barriers" refer? |
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Definition
Lack of knowledge:
Social ineffectiveness:
Health problems:
Physical and psychological dependency:
Skill gaps: |
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Term
| To what do each of the following "environmental barriers" refer? |
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Definition
Attitudinal barriers:
Negative behaviors:
Paternalistic behaviors:
Apathetic behaviors:
Architectural:
Ecological:
Transportation:
Economic:
Rules and regulations:
Barriers of omission: |
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Term
| What considerations should OR managers provide special populations with? |
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Definition
Accessibility:
Equipment:
Transportation:
Staff training:
Insurance: |
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Term
| How does the ADA define an individual with a disability? |
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Definition
1. Has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a "major life activity"
2. Has a record of such impairment
3. Is regarded as having such an impairment |
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Term
| What are the major types of disabilities? |
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Definition
- developmental disability
- hearing impairments
- learning disability
- mobility impairments
- visual impairments
- limited english proficiency
- older adults |
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