Term
|
Definition
| New equipment reduces immediate impact on site. |
|
|
Term
| CORRECTIONS (Unique Groups): |
|
Definition
- Corrections Rec:
1. Exposes inmates to more socially acceptable outlets.
FACTORS/CHALLENGES:
- Facility size and purpose
- Level of security
- Number of Staff
- Characteristics:
a. Types of crimes
b. all races, backgrounds,origins, physical condition and ages.
c. 1st time and repeat offenders.
Philosophical approaches to corrections recreation.
- still a topic of serious debate whether they should recreate while being punished.
Types of Programming:
- safety
- Active programs: bball, flag football, shuffleboad.
- Passive programs: board games, drama, quilting.
Therapeutic outcomes:
- pet therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Campus Rec
- Faith-based Rec
- Corporate Rec
- Military Rec |
|
|
Term
| Program administration staff: |
|
Definition
- assists the administrator in performing his/her duties.
- Job Titles: associate director, program director, fitness director. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- entry level
- responsible for recruiting, hiring, training.
Titles: assistant director, marketing assistant, coordinator, building manager, personal trainer, leader.
***Bachelors degree |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- part time position: hourly, per class, or volunteer.
- works face-to-face: aquatics instructor, youth sport coach.
***might have specialized sport credentials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outdoor and Adventure Recreation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- activity
- fun or pleasurable
- in free time
- beneficial or socially redeeming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- recreation (pleasurable and beneficial activity in free time).
- occurs in natural environments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- recreation
- often in natural environment
- risk (uncertainty) objective or subjective.
- participant abilities and circumstances equal adventure.
- risk recreation. |
|
|
Term
| Outdoor Adventure Education: |
|
Definition
- education.
- risk taking activities (ropes course, mountaineering).
- fosters personal growth. |
|
|
Term
| Statistics on Outdoor Usage: |
|
Definition
2006 OAR:
- $730 b industry
- 6.5 m jobs
- $88 b in tax revenue
- $289 b retail sales
2009:
137.8 m participants |
|
|
Term
| Adventure in Western Culture: |
|
Definition
- individualistic
- people self determined, intrinsically motivated,free from outside influence. |
|
|
Term
| Adventure in 1st millennium: |
|
Definition
Knights
- variations (Cortez, Columbus, Marco Polo).
- similar to Europe's knight adventures and merchant adventures (Fremont, Lewis & Clark). |
|
|
Term
| Adventure after 1st millennium: |
|
Definition
Rapid urbanization:
- end of the frontier and rapid urbanization
- an idealized class of adventure lost to the industrial process.
- westward expansion and industrial revolution left no space for OA as cultural icons.
- OA (Davey Crockett, Daniel Boone) replaced by capitalist adventures (Rockefeller, Vanderbuilt, Ford). |
|
|
Term
| Opportunities in adventure after 1st millennium: |
|
Definition
- advances in transportation,wealth, and communications centered on common interests allowed members of the upper class to claim OA as a hobby.
- Armchair tourism (National Geographic) and move toward globalized capitalism. |
|
|
Term
| Milestones in adventure after 1st millennium: |
|
Definition
- 1872 Yellowstone, worlds 1st NP.
- Following decades, dramatic movements to set aside land for public use.
- 1916 NPS founded
- automobile boom
- prior to WWII,hiker-fisher OA
- woodcraft ethic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Physical risk adventure
- OAR takes off
- minimum impact ethic (leave no trace)
- paradoxical consumerism |
|
|
Term
| Post WWII settings, delivery systems, and participants: |
|
Definition
- natural areas
- private outdoor rec resources
- Appalachian Mountain Club
- Alaska National Wildlife Refuge
- Some activities are only available in natural areas nearby.
- Multiple use may decrease recreation (Pinchot; conservation - multiple things going on)
**As agency management increases so does the quality of recreation. |
|
|
Term
| Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS): |
|
Definition
- Philosophical basis: most important value in OR is feeling of freedom from a variety of activity choices.
- ROS is system to dictate how landscapes are designed or modified to allow for diverse experiences. |
|
|
Term
| Land Management Classifications: |
|
Definition
1. Primitive
2. Semi-primitive, non motorized
3. Semi-primitive, motorized area
4. Roaded Natural
5. Rural
6. Urban |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People ---> Setting ---> Activities/experiences ---> Expected benefits/outcomes |
|
|
Term
| Careers in Outdoor and Adventure Recreation: |
|
Definition
Guiding industry
- complete outfitting
Outdoor and adventure recreation tourist industry
- destination tourism
Land management industry
- public or private |
|
|
Term
| Benefits and outcomes of Outdoor and Adventure Recreation: |
|
Definition
- psychological (self systems)
- Sociological (alienation, adventure experiences and socialization.
- Physiological
- Spiritual |
|
|
Term
| Adventure Education Based Careers: |
|
Definition
- Adventure based facilitation
- consolidate challenges met on longer expeditions into accessible and marketable short expeditions.
- Outdoor Adventure Expeditions
- Expedition or wilderness based
- prolonged
- students and co instructors
- intentional wilderness
experience |
|
|
Term
| Influence of technology in Outdoor and Adventure Recreation: |
|
Definition
Clothing, equipment, signaling, protective gear
Transportation
Comfort
Safety
Communication
Information
These have all resulted in:
- greater use of outdoors
- differing expectations
- public policy changes |
|
|
Term
| Recreation Sports Management: |
|
Definition
- multi million $ industry
- almost a religion; athletes as folk heroes.
- becoming entertainment and spectator environment.
- participant interest to sustain. |
|
|
Term
| Professional Sport Management: |
|
Definition
- a lot of activities, under umbrella
- business enterprise, elite athletes
- prof events, marketing, sales, pr, promotions, media, fundraising. |
|
|
Term
| Recreation Sport Management: |
|
Definition
| Focus: sport/fitness participation |
|
|
Term
| Leisure Sports Management Model: |
|
Definition
Enjoyment Diversion
Spectator
Prof. sport
Athletic sport
Recreational sport
Educational sport
- participant or spectator driven
- sport for all
- active roles
- regardless of age, sex
- participant driven |
|
|
Term
| Five Programming Areas of Recreation Sports Management: |
|
Definition
Structured:
- Instructional
- Intramural
- Extramural
- Club
Informal - unstructured |
|
|
Term
| Breakdown of each of the Five Programming Areas of Recreation Sports Management: |
|
Definition
Instructional
- skill development in non-credit or academic environment.
Informal sports
- self directed w/individualized approach to fun and fitness.
Intramural
- within an organization
- leagues, tournaments, and contests
Extramural sports
- between organizations
Club sports
- activities organized b/c of a common interest in a sport
- competitive to recreational, social and instructional clubs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- intended for everyone
- indoor/outdoor (including natural) |
|
|
Term
| Recreation Sports Settings: |
|
Definition
Variety of sport settings:
- Armed forces MWR - military bases around the world
- Boys and Girls Clubs
- Churches
- Cities and communities: municipal parks and recreation departments.
- Commercial facilities: racquet clubs, bowling, skating rinks.
- Correctional institutions
- schools
- industrial
- private clubs
- YMCA/YWCA
- Vacation resorts |
|
|
Term
| Recreation Sports Benefits: |
|
Definition
- creates learning environments
- enjoyment
- social interaction
- physical health
- economic growth
- environmental protection
- social contribution (important to develop participant interests, knowledge and skills to enable participation. |
|
|
Term
| Recreation Sports Individual Benefits: |
|
Definition
- improves health
- release of excess energy
- positive social environment
- develops emotional control and positive expression of aggression
- cooperation
- integrity |
|
|
Term
| Recreation Sports Community Benefits: |
|
Definition
- enhances identity and integration
- builds social capital
- deters antisocial behavior (vandalism, gang violence)
- allows learning/sharing of community, values
- well planned/managed sport facilities
- can lead to economic benefits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- process used to improve the life of others
- very goal directed, has a purpose, intervention
- encourages independence and inclusion
- emphasizes abilities (vs disabilities) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use people first language, disability second. |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy benefits: |
|
Definition
| Allows creativity, inclusion, integrity, self confidence, learn new skills, community realization of rights, normality, motivation. |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy settings: |
|
Definition
| Found in all sectors, hospital, outdoors (lakes, snow, basketball), senior home |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Jobs: |
|
Definition
| Therapist, senior rec therapist, dance and movement, education, parks & rec, aquatics, in-patient rehab. |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy volunteer opportunity: |
|
Definition
June 15-21
- apps outside yolo 183
- abilityfirstsports.org |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy starts w/assessment: |
|
Definition
Planning
- goals and objectives
- picking right activities
Implement
Evaluate
*** can be applied in any setting to achieve goals. |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy credentials: |
|
Definition
Process where profession or govt establishes a minimum standard of confidence to protect consumers as they receive services:
- registration - to practice in specific area
- certification - meets criteria; written exam.
- licensure - state mandates qualifications for practice and administers licensing program.
**In CA, Laura is chair of state task. Utah, OK, NC, VT have requirement for licensure now. |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Associations: |
|
Definition
- National Therapy Recreation Society
- more in community settings
- American Therapy Recreation Association (ATRA)
- more likely clinical |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Standards of Practice: |
|
Definition
1) define scope of service provided and state a minimal, acceptable level of service.
2) Ensure consistent practice - help establish credibility.
3) Core practices include assessment, treatment planning, documentation and management.
4) Protect human rights of service recipients:
- autonomy (self determination)
- beneficience (do only good)
- non malfeasance (do no harm)
- justice (fairness) |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Code of ethics: |
|
Definition
Issued by the RT professional association.
Ethical concerns:
- confidentiality
- maintain professional relationships
- cultural competence |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Future Challenges: |
|
Definition
- shift from institutional to community settings
- retirement planning
- early intervention
- leisure education
- inclusion
- adaptations for people w/disabilities
- quality of services
- quality of life
- changes in health care
- economic pressures
- social trends
- demographic characteristics
- technological advances
- focus on health promotion
- independent functioning
- access to services |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy statistics: |
|
Definition
- 1 in 6 (50 m) have at least one disability
- only 1/2 of those consider themselves impaired in functioning |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Numbers and Salaries: |
|
Definition
22,000 RTs in U.S.
- entry level 30k, average salary 41k
- of the 22,000, 12,000 are CTRSs, beginning at $46,500
- directors $100,000 |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Common Components: |
|
Definition
1.purposeful selection of recreation activities to reach goal or outcome.
2. enhancement of independent functioning through rec participation.
3. quality of life, wellness, and optimal health as core concerns.
4. focus on the environment in which the person including support and resources to be provided by family and community. |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Defined: |
|
Definition
| Uses recreation to purposefully improve the quality of peoples lives; goal directed; therapeutic recreation. |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Range of Interventions or treatments: |
|
Definition
1. traditional recreation activities
2.nontraditional activities
3. therapeutic intervention
4.complimentary and alternative medicine (CAM) such as relaxation,yoga, and aromatherapy.
5. advocate for resources and support for clients, family, community. |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy benefits: |
|
Definition
Client reaches goals:
- physical, cognitive, psychosocial, emotional, and spiritual benefits for individual.
Person centered
- individual controls as much as possible.
Strengths based
Health care costs reduced (benefit for society and the individual)
Better society |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy History: |
|
Definition
1800s - hospitals for people w/mental illness
Florence Nightingale
- recreation huts and beauty
Dorothea Dix:
- advocated for people w/disabilities in asylums and prisons.
Industrial Revolution:
- settlement houses provided social service and recreation to immigrants, the poor and ill, and people w/disabilities.
American Red Cross:
- promoted recreation services to soldiers during WWI/WWII.
1920s research
- demonstrated value of recreation for people w/mental retardation.
Dr. Karl Menninger, psychiatrist
Post WWII
- Dr. Howard Rusk founds rehab movement and promotes value of recreation in physical rehab.
- wheelchair sports
Special Olympics in the 1960s
Deinstitutionalization 1970s
- moved people w/mental illness and cognitive disabilities from large institutions to community based living.
Wars and wounded soldiers. |
|
|
Term
| Recreational Therapy Legislation: |
|
Definition
- Architectual Barriers Act, 1968
- Rehab Act of 1973
- Education for all handicapped Children Act of 1990.
- Americans with disabilities Act of 1990. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everyone should be included in all activities as much as possible. |
|
|
Term
| 21st century rec therapy trends: |
|
Definition
- cultural diversity
- aging population
- impact of ADA
- wounded warriors
- obesity crisis
- relationship of leisure to health
- complementary and alternative medicine
- rising health care costs
- technological innovations
- growth of populations served by RT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Therapists role:
FUNCTIONAL
INTERVENTION
- improve functional ability
Counselor role:
LEISURE
EDUCATION
Leisure knowledge and skills
Resource Role:
RECREATION
PARTICIPATION
Organized participation
Degree of freedom increases while degree of control decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- services occur along continuum of intervention and growth.
- belief in abilities instead of disabilities
- clients freedom/self-determination increases
- therapists control decreases
- clients involvement in the community increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- acute treatment in the hospital setting
- residential facilities
- in-home services
- nursing homes
- hospice programs
- rehab centers
- prisons
- assisted living
- adult daycare
- partial hospitalization
- outpatient programs
- drug treatment programs
- homeless shelters
- group homes
- schools
- community rec centers
- camps
- home based therapy
Found in all sectors! |
|
|
Term
| RT job duties & responsibilities: |
|
Definition
- conduct individual assessment
- develop treatment plan
- plan a schedule of RT programming
- observe and document participation/progress
- engage in discharge planning, as applicable.
- attend treatment team meetings and in-service training.
- maintain equipment and supplies
- supervise volunteers and interns
- provide support for family members
- organize special events and community outings
- undertake management responsibilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Independent restaurants:
- luxury (white table cloths)
- 5-6 m in annual sales
- not necessarily high profit
- high costs
- competition
Chain restaurants:
- quick service (fast food)
- mostly franchised
- avg annual sales $375k to $1.5 mil
Dinner Houses (casual restaurants)
Social Caterers:
- usually independent
- low startup costs
- just food or/and facilities and equipment
Contract Food Companies:
- contract to large employers
- cafeterias and exec dining rooms
- have to please two bosses
- regular hours, known demand, less pressure
- management and cost control skills
Institutional Food Service:
- usually self administered
- schools
- national school lunch program
- keep high school students on
campus.
- Colleges and universities
- flexible plans, offerings
- Hospitals:
- run by dietitians
- decentralizing
- revenue center
Clubs:
- hospitality, food/bev
- Guest members are also owners
- clubhouse and other facilities
- less than 14k clubs in US
- chances for creativity
- specialized knowledge
- Rec programming a part of
Cruise Ships:
- opportunities on shore and at sea (like a resort) |
|
|
Term
| Food Service Management Positions: |
|
Definition
- General Manager
- Restaurant Manager
- dining room
- bar
- production staff
- Chef
- Matre d'
- Banquet Manager |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lodging (growing), food service, entertainment and travel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
growing
- high standard of living in america
- increased life span
- growth in education
- more apps in developing societies
- 19 million hotels worldwide.
- 4.9 million rooms in USA
- 1.25 mil employees
- 200k in management
US and European growth may be slowing
- exception: casino hotels and limited service hotels.
- Asia, Eastern Europe, and S America are growing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- enjoy travel andliving in different places.
- management personnel are in large demand.
- opportunities for new positions geographically
- large, better training,more opportunities for advancement, better benefits packages.
- small chain, more apps for creativity, more control, better learning environment for entrepreneurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 4% of GDP
- most are small (70% less than 20)
Supervisors:
- 70% Female
- 12% African American
- 9% Hispanic |
|
|
Term
| What's to like about hospitality: |
|
Definition
- Many career options
- the work is varied
- apportunities to be creative
- it is a people business
- flexible hours
- opps for long term career growth
- often there are good perks
Not to like:
- long hours (50-60 per week)
- nontraditional schedules
- pressure
- low beginning salaries
Skill set:
data, things, people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Scott Dinits
Human Resources Director
Boys & Girls Club of the North Valley |
|
|
Term
| Boys & Girls Club, Core Program Areas: |
|
Definition
- character & leadership development
- health & life skills
- Education & career development
- arts
- sports, fitness & recreation
STRATEGY:
- belonging, usefulness, influence, competence. |
|
|
Term
| Boys & Girls Club, formula for impact: |
|
Definition
| Young people who need us most + outcome- driven club experience + priority outcomes. |
|
|
Term
| Boys & Girls Club, salary justification: |
|
Definition
Non Profit:
- 2000 youth served
- 5385 youth served since 1998
- 48% male, 52% female
- 53% junior high, 47% high school (teen club)
- 67% live below poverty level
- 74% rely on social services
- 52% live in single parent or non-parent homes.
- 6 to 18
- positive place
- safe & supervised
- 241 days a yer
- $15 per year
- healthy snack
- 275 volunteers and paid staff
- programs aligned w/CA & common core standards. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You can found but not own a nonprofit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Limited Liability Corp:
- hybrid form
- limited stock holder liability
- not double taxed
- taxed as a partnership
- replaced S Corp (has a managing partner and investors) |
|
|
Term
| Recreation Event and Tourism: |
|
Definition
| event and commercial Rec providers add value to tangible goods through a combo of services and programming. |
|
|
Term
| Consumer Oriented RET Paradigm: |
|
Definition
Planning:
- includes assessments of demand and creation of value added products and programs.
Marketing:
- involves all communication strategies to make the target market aware of goods, services, programs.
Delivery:
- distribution of goods, services, and programs in a timely manner to the market.
Monitoring:
- track consumer reactions and results of purchased goods. |
|
|
Term
| Modeling the RET Industry: |
|
Definition
- Attractions (destination characteristics) are the primary motivator that drives travel to RET businesses.
- many alternatives, system is complex.
- intermediaries provide support and facilitation.
- a destination must host the visitor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st lvl: Attraction/Function/Drive Industry
- some kind of activity or event or local recreation.
2nd lvl: Support and facilitation functions
- transportation
- tourism services
3rd lvl: Hosting functions
- accommodations
- food/bev
Cruise lines (integrated functions) |
|
|
Term
| RET Elements of Attraction Function: |
|
Definition
- Tourist attractions: provided primarily to non residents.
- range from natural and cultural attractions to them parks and casinos.
- Events: short duration not repeated frequently (conferences)
- Local recreation:nearby facilities and activities for residents. (local theater). |
|
|
Term
| RET Support and facilitation Function: |
|
Definition
Transportation services:
- providers deliver to attractions
- reasonable prices and safe transportation are key
Tourist Services:
- geared toward assisting visitors
- travel facilitator
Hosting Function:
Accommodations:
- overnight lodging
- location and prices
Food and Beverage:
- restaurants, fast food
- food is a basic necessity and carries greatly in cost and quality.
- food and beverages can have a large influence on visitor satisfaction.
Integrated Function:
Integrated businesses combine attractions and one or more other functional areas at one site.
- attraction and lodging
- resorts/cruise lines |
|
|
Term
| Financing commercial recreation: |
|
Definition
Types of financing:
- equity financing
- debt financing
Sources of financing:
- personal savings
- 2nd mortgage
- loan
- inheritance
- investors
- trade credit
- equipment loans |
|
|
Term
| Lifestyle Business and Owner Motivation: |
|
Definition
| RET is often characterized as a lifestyle business and is less profit oriented. |
|
|
Term
| Need to be green sustainable |
|
Definition
- awareness of global threats to our environment, the planets health, our children's future.
- social injustice and deterioration of local community.
- RET providers must minimize adverse impacts and move toward sustainability. |
|
|
Term
| RET Specialized certifications: |
|
Definition
Assure employers that you have the minimum knowledge and skills
- CRPP through NRPA |
|
|
Term
| Trend toward Adventure Travel RET: |
|
Definition
- travelers want to be active participants
- higher risk
- mental and physical challenge
- outdoor recreation
- natural or cultural setting
- sight seeing is not first priority |
|
|
Term
| RET Technology dependent: |
|
Definition
- great influence on RET
- business use technology to help staff provide services effectively and completely.
- significant global distribution
- contribute to world economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recreation, event, and tourism (RET) Enterprises. |
|
|
Term
| Commercial Recreation defined: |
|
Definition
- Provide a set of leisure oriented goods.
- 100x larger than public sector
- 8% of US GDP ($1.17 trillion)
- 2 mil rec businesses
- 6.7 mil jobs
- 75/80% employees work in for profit sector
- mostly service based. |
|
|
Term
| Private sector leisure service industries: |
|
Definition
- travel and tourism
- amusement parks
- sports equipment
- movies and entertainment
- resorts and gaming
- hospitality and restaurant
- private campgrounds
- video games
- contract services (event management) |
|
|
Term
| Private sector leisure service industries, 3 types of providers: |
|
Definition
Commercial for profit companies
- deliver RET services, build & operate facilities (disneyland, guide)
- nonprofit organizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Commercial:
- service/satisfaction--->profit
Public:
- Tax --->service/satisfaction
NPO:
- endowment--->service/satisfaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sole proprietorship one owner
- general partnership partners
- limited partnership
- corporation sep legal entity
- s corp
- llc
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Classic model:
- 72% of all service based industries
- one owner
- control all assets
- bears all responsibility
PROS:
control
CONS:
liability 100% (insurance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two or more
- 8% of service industry
- sufficient capital
- establish
- maintain
Complementary
- skills
- knowledge
PROS
CONS
less control
liability 100% on both parties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incorporate it: www.clickandinc
C Corp
- separate legal entity
- 20% service industries
Legal Status
- rights
- responsibilities
- entity
- own
- buy/sell
- sue/be sued
PROS
No current stuff taken in liability.
CONS
Pay taxes, plus pay taxes on profits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Private (commercial, business, economic) sector
- Public (gov services, political) sector
- Non-profit (social) sector:
- voluntary sector
- charitable sector
- avasi-public sector
- social sector
- tax exempt sector
- civil society sector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- not govt or business entity
- incorporated under state law (or federal) as not for profit corporation
- setup to serve some public service
- limited only to this purpose.
- primary financial support from charitable contributions, donations, and user fees (and grants). |
|
|
Term
| Non Profits and Taxes (501C): |
|
Definition
Tax exemptw/IRS for the organization itself:
- employees have to pay taxes
- volunteers
- supplies are tax exempt as write off/charitable contributions
- 501C7 Social & Recreational Club
- sometimes religiously exclusive
- 501C3 Charitable Organizations
- 501D Religious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excessive Revenue:
- needed for survival
- but non profit
- can NOT distribute to shareholders/owners, directors, officers, members, etc.
- CAN reinvest
- Everything is public |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Six Common Features:
- Organized (incorporated)
- Private (not gov)
- Non-profit (not commercial)
- Self governing (control own affairs)
- Voluntary (membership & contributions)
- Beneficial in some way to the public (public purpose and good) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Promote the interest of those they serve (mission)
- Not to make a profit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) General public benefit: Organization to serve wide spectrum of pop groups (common good)
- education orgs, hospitals, museums, rec centers
2) Mutual benefit
Provide exclusive services to a limited number of members with common interests.
- business/prof associations, social clubs, golf clubs, kennel clubs
- members are like owners of the club |
|
|
