Term
| Presidential Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Lincoln is assassinated, Andrew Johnson is President. While Congress was in recess, Johnson started his plans. He issued hundreds of pardons to former Confederate officers and government officials, and undermined the Freedmen’s Bureau by ordering it to return all confiscated lands to white landowners. Radical reps opposed, but some support Johnson. Most mod reps don’t like what he’s doing but decide to wait. |
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Term
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| Wade-Davis Reconstruction Bill (July 8, 1864). Benjamin Wade of OH and Davis of Maryland. 50% instead of 10% of Southern voters take an oath to agree to ending slavery. Congress passes 1st and 2nd Reconstruction Acts and the Tenure of Office Act in 1867. The House of Representatives impeaches Andrew Johnson, the Senate finds Johnson not guilty, 1 vote short of removing him; 14th Amendment is ratified, and Ulysses S. Grant is elected president in 1868. The 15th Amendment is ratified in 1870. |
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Term
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| Lincoln’s 10% plan: When 10% of the voting population of a former Conf state as of 1860 (white males 21+ yrs of age) agreed to ending slavery, and taken an oath of loyalty to the Union, then the reconstruction process could begin. |
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| Officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. December 6, 1865. |
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| Meant to provide protection for the civil rights of the former slaves. Johnson vetoes it. It’s overridden in April 9, 1866. This is like at the same time of the 2nd Freedmen’s Bureau extension bill. Made everyone who was born in the US and who wasn’t subject to any foreign power, US citizens; aimed at freedmen. |
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Term
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Definition
Most important provisions for defining and enforcing civil rights and liberties:
1st - If you’re born here, you’re a citizen.
2nd - 14th Amendment guarantees to all these citizens due process of law: Nothing can be done to you arbitrarily (punishments, property-snatching), especially by the government.
3rd provision stopped Confederates holding office from the war to not hold office after.
4th provision is where the US gov will not pay any debts to the Conf states.
5th provision is slaveholders. Payment to slaveholders for any losses because of emancipation, isn’t given. |
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| Dictates black suffrage. "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (i.e., slavery). |
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| Policy to control Native A’s before the Civil War, goes on still after Civil War and is even more rigorous. Eastern woodlands tribes moved forcibly to the west of the Mississippi River, called Indian Territory, now state of Oklahoma. Many conflicts with tribes who were already there. |
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| A.k.a. Buffalo Bill. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. |
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| A shaman; he sees visions and reports these visions; they’re like policy decisions. A large # of Sioux leave under him (and Crazy Horse) from the Black Hills. Little Big Horn 1876, he had a vision before the battle and saw his people triumph. Battle of Wounded Knee; he was executed Dec 29, 1890. |
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| A less famous man. A large # of Sioux leave the Black hills under him (and Sitting Bull). A leader of Oglala Sioux. Younger man. One of the great light cavalry leaders of the 1800s. Intuitive understanding of the cavalry. Eradicated Captain William Fetterman and his 80 men just outside of Ft. Kearney, Dec 26 1866. After Little Big Horn 1876, he stays while many Sioux leave to Canada. |
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| 1874 take away Sioux from Black Hills. Little Big Horn (1876) he and all his men die to Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. |
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| Head of army of West. Avenge 7th cavalry that died in Little Big Horn. That winter (1876) he breaks the backbone of the resistance. “The only good Indians I ever saw were dead.” Idea of killing the buffalo, wiping out Indians. |
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| Founded by R.H. Pratt in 1879. Make them think more like whites, kill the Indian in them. |
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| Passed immediately after the Civil War. Reduced newly-freed slaves to a condition close to slavery. Unemployed blacks hired out to planters. |
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Definition
| Merchants give farmers what they need now, and farmers pay back merchants later with interest. If the crops had high prices, and the merchants not so high, it may have worked. But farmers can’t pay back, merchants can’t just foreclose, so there’s a downward spiral. |
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| Meant by Unionists to be good, but ended up bad. Slaves keep a percentage of their crop as wage. Transformed into a system to control the former slaves and tie them to the land. Turned into something like the task system of the slavery days. |
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Term
| Williams v. Mississippi (1898) |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court did not find discrimination in the state's requirements for voters to pass a literacy test and pay poll taxes, as these were applied to all voters. But it really disenfranchised black voters. |
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| The most racial separation as possible. Terror attacks; lynching. Poll taxes, literacy tests. Very biased. Around 1880s and 1890s. |
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Term
| 1st and 2nd Reconstruction Acts (1867) |
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Definition
| First one made southern states be conquered territory, 5 military districts with a Union general, martial law, troops to keep peace; ratify 14th Amendment, suffrage to blacks. Second is Union troops in charge of voter registration. |
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| Allowed states to regulate private businesses when “public interests” are involved. Railroads. Upheld granger laws. |
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| Company usually owned by a # of people. Owners have a share of stock. Board of directors helps with stock and sales management. |
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| An informal agreement by competing companies to fix prices, share profits, or divide the market for their products. |
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| A giant business combo consisting of a # of corporations engaged in the same field or in related fields. |
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| Held a controlling stock interest in a number of related enterprises, called subsidiaries, & devoted itself to directing their operations. |
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Term
| Martial law and the use of military courts. |
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Definition
| According to David Chalmers in his essay “The History of the Ku Klux Klan: Rule by Terror,” what were the only measures that could have put down the various Klans in the Reconstruction South? |
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Term
| New switching, signaling, and other train control devices, the invention of the air brake and automatic coupler, the creation of elaborate car exchange systems, improved methods for handling through freight and traffic exchange, etc. |
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Definition
According to Maury Klein in his essay “Rise of the Iron Horse,” what railroad innovations appeared during the
1870s and 1880s? |
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Term
| He learned the importance of history and learned the workings of grassroots democracy. |
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Definition
| According to Robert Kyff in his essay “Frederick Jackson Turner and the Vanishing Frontier,” what lessons did Turner learn from his father? |
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Term
| Transcontinental railroads, ”The Great American Desert”, “Sodbuster”, “Bonanza farms”, Mining and ranching, and Power of eastern capital and railroads. |
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Definition
| What were the six agencies of westward expansion presented in class? |
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