1.    Reconstruction of era from 1865-1877

1.     Attempt to rebuild the nation following the civil war by determining how the southern states will be re admitted into the union. Finding a place in society for freed slaves.

1.   At the end of the Civil War the south was physically, economically and emotionally hurt.  South’s economy was unable to free slaves- they

were dependent upon it.

Northern republican Plan 

1.     Get the south economy back on track

2.     Freed slaves to become a part of society & economy

3.      Actually punish wealthy whites for civil war: 2% who own 50 or more slaves controlled everything 

Southern/ Democratic Plan 

1.      Rebuild the old south: “slavery, big plantations, plantation economy is what worked for them.

2.      Limit the freedom of freed slaves 

Presidential Reconstruction 

When the north and south clashed over how to rebuild the south, presidential reconstruction began.

Presidential Reconstruction 

When the north and south clashed over how to rebuild the south, presidential reconstruction began.

Presidential reconstruction; actions taken on by the president to bring people back together.

Abraham Lincoln proposed the 10% plan.1.     if 10% of a southern states population would swear an oath of allegiance to the union that state could re-join the union. “ The population felt that the 10% plan seemed to easy’.

A.     Oath of allegiance by the majority of a states white male population

B.     New state governments for the southern states would be created and ran by the people who never carried arm against the union (slaves, ladies, children, old people).A.      “ Can’t Vote” Permanent loss of voting rights for all confederate, civil, military leaders army.

Did not pass the Wade/Davis Bill it was too tough

President Lincoln veto’s the bill

When was Lincoln assassinated 

April 14, 1865

Game Changer -Lost president, war officially ended

After Lincoln assassination who became president ?

> Andrew Johnson becomes president >

·      He was a southerner from Tennessee

·      He did break away from the south he could be sympathetic

·      He was a senator before he was vice president 

Andrew Johnson proposal to Restoration 

Offers southern states amnesty and the chance to be re admitted into the Union through personal pardon from the president. He used the amnesty plan as a ego booster. He wanted them to beg for forgiveness.

reject the Amnesty Plan

"Congress can reject a treaty even if president signs of on it."

Freedmen’s Bureau He felt that that’s something the states should do.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Johnson tried to veto it but congress passed it.

1.     All Blacks to be citizens

2.     Gave federal government power to intervene within states to protect all citizens “ Southern blacks needed protection from the Black Codes”.

We're created specifically to target black offenders. Each state would have their own black codes. Black Codes are going to create a new form of slavery. “ Jail or farm labor” New form of slavery”.

Congress Reconstruction

The actions taken by congress to create reconstruction 

Reconstruction Act of 1867” we actually do something

·      The reconstruction act of 1867 divided the south into 5 military districts that would be occupied by the US Army until the state was readmitted into the union. 1 year or to 3 years before they were admitted back into the union.

·      By 1870 every state re joined the union.

1868 Congress passed the 14 amendment -declared that everyone born or naturalized in the US was a citizen. Equal protection of the law to all citizens

 Who was it talking about – “ African Americans”

aggressive congress attempted to impeach Andrew Johnson. Congress missed by one vote.

was elected US president 

 Ruthless military man, known from the civil war grant will follow the congress lead. Not much of a Politian, more of a military man.

15^th amendment    to the constitution

was passed by congress in 1870.This prohibited states and federal government from using race or color, previous condition of servitude to limit the right to vote. The 15^th amendment causes controversy in the north due to the fact that  black men were able to vote before white woman.

What  are the three 

Successes of Congressional Reconstructions 

The Election of 1876

 was one of the most 

The election of 1876 was between 

1. Samuel Tilden (Democratic)
2. Rutherford B Hayes (Republican) 

   They tied in the Electoral College.

compromise of 1877: it decides the election of 1876, stated that Hayes would be named president in exchange for his agreement to keep the federal government from interfering in the south.

redemption of the south. This is a return to the OLD SOUTH, where the wealthy whites controlled the local and state governments. The Economy and lives of African Americans. The redemption of the south marked the failure of the reconstruction. “  Only achieved the states back into the union though”

Failures of Reconstruction

1.     South has no money therefore cant pay labor force – leads to a second failure

2.     Because of the lack of money the south is going to expand the sharecropping. 

renting of land that becomes new form of slavery.

Political Failures of Reconstruction

1. •All african american progress failure
   •Formation of the KKK : Ku Klux Klan; originally formed in 1870 to stop african american men from voting . Intimidation and violence ( only targeted African Americans who threatend to vote at that point .
   •Northeren Polititions began to be frustrated with the south and turn their back on southern issues.
    

Social Failures of Reconstruction

• •Schools and churches that were opened for African Americans are going to loose funding and be forced to close.
  • This would mean No reading or writing being learned by African Americans .

If your grandfather didn’t vote then you could not vote. Division led to the ultimate failure of reconstitution.

laws that legalized segregation. New voting laws in the south designed to keep black men from voting 

Forces in populating the west

1.     Mining industry; The Gold rush of 1849 lead people west. In 1870 to the discovery of harder metals also led people to the west. The Mining industry originally meant to be a get rich quick plan. By the 1870 the mining industries was dominated by large companies. The large companies controlling the mining industries led to the Boom Towns 

the Exclusion Act OF 1882 :Chinese were prohibited to immigrate after 1882 and also prohibited from ever becoming naturalized citizens. The young Chinese men become men without a country. And the Chinese government prohibited them from coming back.

was the railroad

In 1896 the transcontinental railroad was completed 

Railroad populates the west in two ways.

1.     Provides jobs

2.     Faster way of travel 

4^TH Force in the population of the west

“Was the cattle industry” The cattle industry is going to grow after John McCoy introduces using the railroad as a part of the cattle drive. McCoy said put them on empty rail cars and it will provide a faster cattle drive.

5^th Force of populating the west 

Federal Government gave 160 acres of land if you agreed to settle it for a minimum of 5 years. This pulled people west. Easy process to obtain the land “ application process”

African American was eligible for the land within the Homestead Act of 1862 but 

Important tools of the west

1.     Barware: how you mark your property, keep your property inside your land “ex:cattle. Know where you land ends and began

2.     Steel plow – for farming land the land was dry and needed to be plowed with a steal plow because it was dry and coarse.

3.     Independent spirit- there was no communication, distance between the land space and many left their families to obtain the land. 

Federal government develops three policies in dealing with the Native Americans

1. 1^st policy: was separation “oldest policy” but by the 1870 separation isn’t an option because there was no place to move the Indians “ really no options”.

   
   

   2nd Policy was Assimilation

   Incorporate into society Native American was that they needed to adopt the white culture.

   Adopting the white culture meant that the native Americans had to

   Use the English language, profess Christianity, stay in one spot. They could not be nomadic. Required native children to go to boarding schools in the east. As a part of assimilation in 1870-1880, the federal government is going to force stationary agriculture.

   Third Policy which was elimination :

   The elimination of the native Americans began by killing off all their buffalo at 3 million per year.

   The Federal Government claimed that the buffalo were damaging the railroad tracks- they used this as an excuse to kill off the buffalo.

Elimination of the Native Americans will progress 

to where we see actual fighting between Native Americans and the US army.

Broke Native American lands into 160 acre parcels and gave each head of house hold 1 parcel of land. Dawes Severalty act was ignored by the Native Americans and the government decided to sell their unclaimed land to the African Americans and White population. 

we have Indian wars the first big war was 

Was fought between the US army and the Sioux, Grey Horse, and sitting bull. Gen Custer led the US Army.

The Sioux are going to win this battle of little big horn, Custer is going to be killed. This was a huge victory for the Native Americans 

Fought between the US army and the Sioux, Grey Horse, and sitting bull. Gen Custer led the US Army.

The Sioux are going to win this battle of little big horn; Custer is going to be killed. This was a huge victory for the Native Americans. 

The last massacre or battle at Wounded Knee: 

December 1890 Sioux Indians will be involved. The army would kill for the practice of the ghost dance, they will kill 146 Men woman and children. Army asked them to stop. They would not and were killed. This marked the end of the Indian wars.

were forced to living on reservations.

Industrial Revolution Actually began in 

Industrial revolution actually began in England in the late 1700’s

The US is going to have a Mini Industrial revolution but it gets cut of by the civil war 

The true American industrial revolution is going to 

By the 1910 the US had passed all European nations in terms of the industrialization

We learned from the british mistakes 

and we spy on them 

We will see an increase of productivity and we see a decrease in private ownership.

we learned from the British mistakes and we spy on them. 

We see the beginning of wage labor, as we know it. Entire families will go to work during the industrial revolution. We will see an increase of productivity and we see a decrease in private ownership. 

There are 6 factors allowing the industrial revolution to succeed and take place. 

1.     Stable Government: we now have the because the states rejoined the union.

2.     Nation needs natural resources at its disposal the US has the natural resources because of the Mining in the west.

3.     Cheep Labor source: The US has a cheep labor source because of the immigrants and ex slaves” Immigrants don’t know and the freed slaves are just happy to have jobs that pay and they are not working for free.

4.     Markets to sell your goods: US had domestic and forgen markets by the 1880’s

5.     Reliable system of transportation

There are 6 factors allowing the industrial revolution to succeed and take place. 

1.     Stable Government: we now have the because the states rejoined the union.

2.     Nation needs natural resources at its disposal the US has the natural resources because of the Mining in the west.

3.     Cheep Labor source: The US has a cheep labor source because of the immigrants and ex slaves” Immigrants don’t know and the freed slaves are just happy to have jobs that pay and they are not working for free.

4.     Markets to sell your goods: US had domestic and forgen markets by the 1880’s

5.     Reliable system of transportation

6. Significant agricultural base “ the need to feed people of 1862, all the farmers are growing things.

Sectors influenced by the industrial revolution   

1. the railroad " Transportation"

2.Steel industry " Carnegie"

3. Oil industry " Rockefeller " 

4. Communication Sector 

vertical integration is where a company controls every aspect of the process required when producing its final product.

vertical integration is where a company controls every aspect of the process required when producing its final product.

Sectors influenced by the industrial revolution  

3^rd Sector, 

3^rd Sector, Oil industry “ Crude Oil, The monopoly of the Oil industry belonged to John D Rockefeller and his Company was called standard oil. 

who was Rockefeller:

The monopoly of the Oil industry belonged to John D Rockefeller and his Company was called standard oil.

Rockefeller: was wealthy and proud man not that of the philanthropist type. Not very nice people.

Rockefeller is going to create a monopoly of his oil industry through both vertical integration and horizontal integration. 

Horizontal Integration 

4^th sector Sectors influenced by the industrial revolution  

 Communication Industry

Grow because all parent companies need to be able to communicate with every thing under them and around them. Communication Industry is going to base around the Telegraph and telegram until the Telephone was introduced in 1876. Companies start getting telephone very quickly. By 1886 there was 5,00 telephone in the US. 1886 American Telephone and telegraph company was formed “ now known as at&t. 

Results of the IR 

1^ST Result; Social Darwinism, only the strongest companies and people survive.

2^nd Result; Fredrick Taylor will emerge as a key figure of the industrial revolution when he developed the concept of scientific management; this is breaking down a complicated process into simple repetitive tasks. It will also involve interchangeable parts in production. “ Become a part of machinery”

Scientific Management is going to lead to increased products and lower prices it usually makes it allot easier. The Downside to this is going to be the increase of unskilled labor and poor treatment of that labor.

will emerge as a key figure of the industrial revolution when he developed the concept of scientific management; this is breaking down a complicated process into simple repetitive tasks. It will also involve interchangeable parts in production. “ Become a part of machinery”

Scientific Management is going to lead to increased products and lower prices it usually makes it allot easier. The Downside to this is going to be the increase of unskilled labor and poor treatment of that labor.

“ It was cheaper to replace people than parts for the machinery’ 

The income for a child 15yr and under was 

200-300 Per Year

Triangle t-shirt factory fire, 80% woman locked inside the working workroom, the woman worked there way up to the top to escape the fire would jump to their death. 146 woman were killed; the employers felt they could not trust the woman and that is why they were locked up inside during the working hours. 

a steel worker union on strikes against Carnegie steel, At Carnegie steel the man in charge was Henry Fricke. He begun to replace the workers with machinery and negotiate contracts behind the Unions back. Fricke calls the Pinkerton detective company agency to bar the strikers from the property. If they strikers step onto the property to shoot them. The homestead strike leads to 14 hours of violence. The Pennsylvania militia broke up the strike all of the strikers were fired and blacklisted from the carnage steel company and any other steel jobs. 

pull man strike 1894 Chicago; Pullman palace car company “railcars” fired 300 employees and cut wages for remaining 25% of the workers. The American railway union went on strike because it deals with the railroad. Federal troops are called out 34 people were killed and the railroad workers were forced and worked at the reduced wages.

because of the wave of immigration. It created a surplus of unskilled workers. By the 1890s their were 1 Million Immigrants who are going o come to America every year.

that were New Immigrants  came from parts of the world spoke new languages and had customs and traditions. most of the new immigrants were from southern and eastern Europe. Most did not know English.

All of the new immigrant is going to lead to Urbanization 

Urbanization

New Cities consisted of 

1.     20 miles across, electricity, public transportation.

2.     “new York city subway opened in 1885

3.     Chicago el train opened in 1887

4.     Growing up as well as out , taller buildings

5.     Sanitation problems

6.     Immigrant ghettos; groups of immigrates migrated towards each other. By the 1890 NY city was nearly 80% immigrants

7.     Detroit was 84% Immigrant

8.     Chicago was 87% Immigrant 

Utopian Unions wanted 

ideal working environment

8-hour workday, national minimum wage, national education system.

National Labor Union – which was formed in 1868 right after the civil War.

by Terence Powderly – they wanted a 8-hour workday, elimination of child labor, and the formation of what was called collative factories. Collective factories are where the employee owns a piece of the company. Idea that if you owned a piece of the company you would work much harder it belonged to you.

because they felt that it was competition for the adult men and woman because the companies would pay the children lower wages. 

necessities” Fought for what they considered to be the necessities ; 8 hour workday, onsite bathrooms

1886 led by Samuel Gompers

Unique worked with mostly skilled laborers and is still in existence today. Plumbers and carpenters are some examples 

Railroad strike of 1877; 

is going to take place in Chicago, it’s the Knights of Labor strike, against the McCormick Company, may 1^st 1886  they tried to negotiate 12 hour workdays, may 4^th a crowd gathered  to watch around the strike in Haymarket square someone threw a stick of dynamite and 7 police officers were killed. 7 members of the Knights of labor were arrested and charged and executed for killing the Chicago PD. After the Haymarket square riot the Knights of labor died out. 

a steel worker union on strikes against Carnegie steel, At Carnegie steel the man in charge was Henry Fricke. He begun to replace the workers with machinery and negotiate contracts behind the Unions back. Fricke calls the Pinkerton detective company agency to bar the strikers from the property. If they strikers step onto the property to shoot them. The homestead strike leads to 14 hours of violence. The Pennsylvania militia broke up the strike all of the strikers were fired and blacklisted from the carnage steel company and any other steel jobs.