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| major cities and ports grew rapidly as the volume of trade increased; songs, stories, religious ideas, philosophical views, and scientific knowledge; agricultural and technological diffusion; citrus fruits, rice, and cotton were introduced to sub-Saharan Africa; Mongols spread the use of gunpowder; |
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| best know long-distance traveler; among the first Europeans to visit China; |
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| the emergence of elaborate trading networks and the establishment of vast imperial states created a demand for political and diplomatic representation |
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| did not succeed in attracting many converts; |
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| thrived in the oases and trading cities of central Asia; fleas spread the plague to rodents and sometimes humans; India, Scandinavia, and the northernmost parts of Europe avoided serious difficulties; largely bypassed Sub-Saharan Africa; serious population decline; severe labor shortage generated social unrest; |
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Term
The Ming Dynasty
(of China) |
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Definition
| Hongwu became emperor in 1368; set out to eliminate all choices of Mongol rule; established a government on the model of traditional Chinese dynasties; centralized authority more tightly than ever before; rebuilt irrigation systems; did not actively promote trade in foreign lands; domestic trade surged; actively promoted Confucian and neo-Confucian schools; |
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| the state building process began in Italy; Italian States needed large numbers of officials; France and England asserted the authority of the central government over the nobility; no standing army in England; the process of state building was the most dramatic in Spain; Ivan III the Great declared Russian independance from Mongol rule; Moscow became the center of a powerful empire; |
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| artists studied human form and represented the emotions of their subjects; Masaccio and Leonardo da Vinci; remaissance architecture was simple and elegant with domes; |
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| scholars interest in literature, history, and moral philosophy; deeply committed to Christianity; believed it was possible to lead a morally virtuous life while participating actively in the affairs of the world; |
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| Exploration and Colonization |
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Definition
| Zheng He was sponsored by the Ming government and led a series of 7 ambitious naval expeditions; Portuguese mariners emerged as the early leaders in exploration; Portuguese colonized islands in the Atlantic ocean; dramatically increased the volume of slave trade; |
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Definition
| sponsored by Spain; thought of sailing west to get to Asia; never realized he was in the Americas; |
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