Term
dust particle removal
(sizes and method of removal) |
|
Definition
< 2.5 --> macrophages
2.5-10 --> mucociliary transport (cilia until term/resp bronchioles)
10-15 --> trapped in upper resp tract |
|
|
Term
| position of lower border of pleura and where to perform thoracentesis at mid-clavicular, mid-axillary, and paravertebral lines |
|
Definition
mid-clavicular --> 7th rib, 5-7th ribs
mid-axillary --> 10th rib (R upper border, L lower border), 7-9th rib
paravertebral --> 12th rib, 9-11th rib |
|
|
Term
| intercostals -- which for inspiration, which for expiration |
|
Definition
external intercostals --> inspiration
internal intercostals --> expiration |
|
|
Term
| five things made by lungs |
|
Definition
1. surfactant
2. prostaglandins
3. histamine --> bronchoconstriction
4. ACE
5. kallikrein --> activates bradykinin |
|
|
Term
| approximate value of intrapleural pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pulmonary edema changes compliance!!
by diluting surfactant!! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T (taut) -- low affinity for O2
R (relaxed) -- high affinity for O2 |
|
|
Term
are these perfusion limited or diffusion limited??
CO2
N2O
CO |
|
Definition
CO2 --> perfusion
N2O --> perfusion
CO --> diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| >= 25 mmHg at rest; > 35 mmHg during exercise (normal is 10-14) |
|
|
Term
| mechanism of primary pulm HTN |
|
Definition
| inactivating mutation of BMPR2 (which normally inhibits SM proliferation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of hypoxemia with normal A-a gradient |
|
Definition
hypoventilation
high altitude |
|
|
Term
cranial nerves carrying info from
-- carotid bodies
-- aortic bodies |
|
Definition
carotid bodies --> CN IX
aortic bodies --> CN X |
|
|
Term
| what the chemoreceptors respond to |
|
Definition
central (medulla) -- CO2, pH
peripheral (carotid, aortic bodies) -- CO2, pH (carotid body), AND O2 (<60) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dorsiflexion of foot --> tender calf muscle (DVT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shed epithelium forming mucus plugs (asthma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eosinophil-derived proteins (asthma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "eggshell" calcification of LN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| golden-brown fusiform rods resembling dumbbells (Prussian blue positive) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which lobes are most affected by coal miner's, silicosis, asbestosis |
|
Definition
coal miner's, silicosis --> upper lobes
asbestos --> lower lobes |
|
|
Term
| cancers associated with asbestos |
|
Definition
#1 bronchiogenic carcinoma
#2 mesothelioma |
|
|
Term
| what causes retinopathy of prematurity |
|
Definition
| O2 toxicity!! --> increased VEGF |
|
|
Term
| definition of apneic episode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fremitus for pleural effusion and lobar pneumonia |
|
Definition
pleural effusion -- decreased fremitus
lobar pneumo -- increased fremitus |
|
|
Term
location of lung tumors
small cell, adeno, squamous, large cell |
|
Definition
small cell -- central
adeno -- peripheral
squamous -- central
large cell -- peripheral |
|
|
Term
derived from what (and what's it look like?!)
small cell, adeno |
|
Definition
small cell -- neuroendocrine, Kulchitsky cells (small, dark blue)
adeno -- Clara cells --> type II pneumocytes |
|
|
Term
| positive for in neuroendocrine cells (3) |
|
Definition
| enolase, chromogranin, synaptohysin |
|
|
Term
lung tumor/cancer key words:
presents like pneumonia
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
cavitation
"popcorn calcifications" |
|
Definition
bronchioloalveolar (BAC)
bronchioloalveolar (BAC)
squamous cell
hamartoma (chondroma) |
|
|
Term
| columnar cells line alveolar septa without vascular or stromal invasion (benign or malignant?) |
|
Definition
bronchioloalveolar!!
malignant!! |
|
|
Term
| laryngeal polyp vs. papilloma (malignant potential?!?!) |
|
Definition
polyp -- no!
papilloma -- in adults, yes! in kids, it's HPV, no |
|
|
Term
| lung abscess -- where did you aspirate from, what bacteria |
|
Definition
oropharynx!! (NOT gastric)
Staph aureus, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Peptosteptococcus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
if yes, then exudative
1) pleural: serum protein > 0.5
2) pleural: serum LDH > 0.6
3) pleural LDH > 2/3 normal upper limit in serum |
|
|
Term
| what do you have to do if it's an exudative pleural effusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thick finger tips (what is it, what causes it?) |
|
Definition
clubbing
pulm -- cancer, TB, CF, bronchiectasis, pHTN, empyema (NOT asthma)
cardiac -- cyanotic heart disease
other -- IBD, hyperthyroid, malabsorption |
|
|
Term
| trachea toward side of lesion |
|
Definition
1) spontaneous pneumothorax
2) atelectasis 2/2 bronchial obstruction (like cancer!!) |
|
|
Term
| statified squamous in respiratory tract |
|
Definition
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
anterior epiglottis
upper 1/2 posterior epiglottis
true vocal cords |
|
|
Term
| birefringent particles surrounded by fibrous tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypersensitivity pneumonitis (histology) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| superior vena cava syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
greatest in medium-sized bronchi
lowest in bronchioles |
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